Evaluation of Limnological Variables in Selected Groundwater Sources in Sokoto North Local Government Area

Abstract

Abstract

Well water is a vital water source for many communities globally, therefore, it’s importantto assess its quality to ensure public health, sustainability, and development.This study aimed to evaluate the limnological characteristics of selected well water in Sokoto North Local Government Area (LGA), Sokoto State. Key parameters analyzed included water pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total oxygen demand (TOD), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrate and phosphate concentrations, water hardness, and total coliform bacteria. Water samples were analyzed using standard procedures, MPN technique was employed for coliform enumeration.Results indicated neutral pH levels across all wells, suggesting the absence of industrial or acidic contamination. Dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 16.26 to 16.36 mg/L, within acceptable limits for drinking water. However, water hardness exceeded permissible thresholds set by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and the World Health Organization (WHO), with Well A recording the highest value of 844 mg/L. Phosphate concentrations were significantly above recommended limits. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, with Wells 1 and 2 exhibiting microbial loads that rendered the water unsafe for direct consumption. These findings reveal the urgent need for regular monitoring, effective treatment, and community education to ensure the safety and sustainability of well water sources. The implementation of filtration systems and routine water quality testing is recommended to mitigate contamination risks.

Keywords: Contamination, Drinking-Water,Escherichia, Microbial, Sokoto