Control of Mosquitoes using Synthetic Insecticides: Advantages and Limitations (A Review)

Abstract

Vector control programs heavily rely on synthetic insecticides, particularly during disease outbreaks. Various insecticide classes are used for vector control, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. Organophosphates and carbamates target the insect enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the post-synaptic nerve membrane. In contrast, pyrethroids and certain organochlorines target voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and their regulatory proteins in nerve membranes. These insecticides bind to the channels, preventing them from closing, which disrupts the sodium ion flow and impairs nerve function. Insecticides can be applied through methods such as indoor residual spraying, peridomestic space spraying, long-lasting insecticide-treated nets, and mosquito repellents. The benefits of synthetic insecticides include their lower cost compared to organic alternatives, greater persistence in the environment (which offers longer protection), and reduced frequency of application, which saves time and money. Additionally, they are easily accessible and have longer shelf lives than many organic pesticides. However, the use of synthetic insecticides also presents challenges, such as their negative impact on non-target organisms, human health, beneficial arthropods, pesticide poisoning, and potential environmental contamination. Other drawbacks include high production and purchase costs, persistence in the soil, pest resistance, and environmental and health concerns. Some synthetic insecticides, such as pyrethroids, are broad-spectrum and can harm beneficial species like pollinators, predators, and parasitoids. These negative effects contribute to biodiversity loss and the genetic erosion of animals. Many arthropod pests, including mosquitoes, have developed resistance to commonly used insecticides through various mechanisms. This review explores the benefits and drawbacks of synthetic insecticides in vector control and provides insight into the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations.
Keywords: Advantages; Control; Insecticides; Limitations; Mosquitoes; Synthetic