UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research

E-ISSN: 2814 – 1822; P-ISSN: 2616 – 0668

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Ethnopharmacological Plants Widely Used in the Treatment of Pectic Ulcer Diseases

Abdullahi Ibrahim Dalhatu¹, *Bahauddeen Salisu Dandashire², Mukhtar Gambo Lawal³ and Ibrahim Lawal⁴

^1,4Department of Microbiology, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina, Nigeria

^2,3Department of Microbiology, Umaru Musa Yaradua University, Katsina, Nigeria

Abstract

The common gastrointestinal ailment known as peptic ulcer is characterized by damage to the stomach and duodenum's mucosal integrity, mostly as a result of an unbalanced interaction between mucus production and other defensive systems and aggressive elements like gastric acid. Pain, loss of appetite, bloating, nausea, perforations, weight loss, bloody stools, or vomiting are some of the signs that identify the condition. The necessity for efficient treatment plans is highlighted by the rising incidence of peptic ulcers, which is made worse by conditions including Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use. Herbal drugs are emerging as alternative remedies for various health conditions. With an emphasis on the bioactive chemicals and pharmacological properties of these plants, this review investigates the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants in the management of peptic ulcers. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review was carried out to evaluate the anti-ulcerogenic qualities of a variety of medicinal plants. We looked through scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, to find pertinent research that was published between 2010 and 2024. Terms like "peptic ulcer," "anti-ulcer plants," "plant-derived drugs for peptic ulcer," "herbal drugs," and "phytomedicine for peptic ulcer" were used in the search. Thirty-three (33) full-text articles out of 2,650 entries that were examined and found to match the inclusion criteria were included. Plant species, bioactive chemicals, and their proven effects on peptic ulcers in preclinical research were the main topics of data extraction. This review highlights the many modes of action and therapeutic applications of the several medicinal plant extracts that have been connected to anti-ulcer properties. The ethnobotanical plants were discovered to be a rich source of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, simple phenols, and saponins. Numerous therapeutic plants with potent anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial qualities have been found to exist, such as Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera, and Allium sativum. These plants improve mucosal defence systems, lower stomach acid output, control inflammatory mediators, and inhibit H. pylori, offering considerable therapeutic potential. More research is required to fully understand the medical potential of these natural medicines, as the findings show that they can successfully complement current treatments for peptic ulcers, lowering dependency on synthetic pharmaceuticals and minimizing associated adverse effects.

Key words: Peptic ulcer; Medicinal Plants, Bioactive compounds, Anti-ulcer activity

INTRODUCTION

According to Khanpara and Mavani (2022), ulcers are lesions on the skin or mucous membrane that are characterized by the shedding of inflammatory dead tissue; although they can form anywhere, they usually first appear on the skin of the lower limbs or within the gastrointestinal system (Sari and Suryawati, 2023). While bigger ulcers may cause substantial bleeding, smaller ulcers usually show few symptoms (Laine et al., 2021). Typical warning signs include upper abdominal burning, bloating, vomiting, blood in the stools, weight loss that doesn't make sense, and changes in appetite (Paul et al., 2021). There are known to be several different kinds of ulcers, including peptic, vaginal, esophageal, and oral ulcers (Jaiswal et al., 2021).

The term "peptic ulcer," or "PU," refers to a group of long-term illnesses that impact the stomach and/or duodenal lining's mucosal integrity (Gad et al., 2023). According to Yang et al. (2021), it is still a common cause of gastrointestinal morbidity and mortality. A peptic ulcer is characterized as a lesion of the stomach, duodenum, and occasionally the lower esophagus's mucosal lining (Sisay et al., 2021). Epigastric pain, perforations, bloating, nausea, blood in the stool or vomit, decreased appetite, and weight loss are some of the symptoms that characterize this illness (Anaemene and Ochogu, 2022). It was once thought that the damaging effects of pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the mucosa were the main cause of ulcers in the upper digestive tract (Beiranvand, 2022). However, a number of variables are now known to be predisposing factors for the development of peptic ulcers, including alcohol consumption, smoking, the use of NSAIDs and non-NSAIDs, Helicobacter pylori infections, a stressful lifestyle, and genetic factors (Jaiswal et al., 2021; Singh and Easwari, 2022). Peptic ulcer disease is thought to be caused by an imbalance between factors that act aggressively, like hydrochloric acid (HC), pepsin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), refluxed bile, leukotriene, and cell renewal and migration, and factors that support and protect the mucosa, like mucus, bicarbonate barrier, prostaglandin, cell renewal and migration, surface-active phospholipids, optimal blood supply, and certain growth factors (Asali et al., 2018; Abd_Elhamid et al., 2021).

"Gastric ulcer" and "duodenal ulcer," so termed because of where the ulcers occur, are the two main forms of peptic ulcers (Jaiswal et al., 2021). Duodenal and stomach ulcers can occur in the same person at the same time (Abbass et al., 2020). Painful lesions called gastric ulcers develop in the stomach, and they are particularly prevalent among individuals around the aged of 50, especially women; contrary to easing the pain, eating might exacerbate it (Elbeltagi et al., 2023). Additional symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and weight lost (Bereda, 2020). Despite normal or decreased acid production in patients with stomach ulcers, ulcers can still develop in the absence of acid (Jaiswal et al., 2021). Duodenal ulcers tend to be more prevalent among younger individuals; the primary factor contributing to the development of duodenal ulcers is excessive acid production (Kim, 2022), as several studies have indicated a clear association between the development of duodenal ulcers and the stomach's increased production of hydrochloric acid. (Herszényi et al., 2020). Peptic ulcers can also be classified into two main types based on their severity: acute peptic ulcers and chronic peptic ulcers (Saidovich, 2023). Acute peptic ulcers involve damage or perforation that extends through thelamina muscularis mucosa, without progressing beyond the submucosa (Kővári et al., 2022). Stress, such as brain damage (Cushing's ulcer) associated with severe burns and increased intracranial pressure (Curling's ulcer), is the primary cause of acute ulcers (Kumaria et al., 2023). In contrast, chronic ulcers affect a larger area, extending through the muscularis propria and originating in the organ's serosal layer or beyond the gastrointestinal tract itself (Aljezani et al., 2023); this category includes ulcers found in the stomach and duodenum (Bereda, 2022).

Peptic ulcer disease poses a global health challenge as a result of its significant impact on health, mortality rates, and economic consequences, in addition to a high incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection (Shatila and Thomas, 2022). It stands as one of the most commonly widespread gastrointestinal disorders in the globe, affecting approximately 10–15% of the population (Roy et al., 2023). Duodenal ulcers make up the majority, accounting for 95% of all peptic ulcers (Lin et al., 2022). The yearly toll from peptic ulcers includes an estimated 15,000 deaths (Li et al., 2023). Incidence rates for peptic ulcer bleeding and perforation range from 19.4 to 57 and 3.8 to 14 per 100,000 people, respectively (Srivastav et al., 2023). The long-term perforation recurrence rate is 12.2% on average, whereas the seven-day bleeding recurrence rate is 13.9% on average (Danilo and Leanza, 2022). Notably, surgical interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa revealed that 86% of patients had duodenal ulcers, with the remaining 14% having gastric ulcers. Surgery was indicated for significant side effects such as bleeding (7%), chronic instances (28%), blockage (30%), and perforation (35%), resulting in an overall fatality rate of 5.7% (Shivachi, 2022).

Herbal medicines are increasingly used in situations where long-term drug use is required, as they are cost-effective, efficient, and readily available (Putra et al., 2023). It is acknowledged that extracts from natural goods, such as medicinal herbs, are excellent sources of therapeutic agents for treating peptic ulcers, with numerous studies supporting their antiulcer activity (Beiranvand, 2022; Mazumder et al., 2021). Presently, numerous individual components extracted from plant materials have been identified, and their pharmacological activity has been assessed; among these components, natural polyisoprenoids, carotenoids, various terpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids have been identified as possessing antiulcer properties through pharmacological tests (Djanaev et al., 2022). The transmission of ethnopharmacological and botanical insights through oral traditions has been a longstanding practice in Africa. This traditional knowledge passed down across successive generations, holds invaluable information about the therapeutic uses of medicinal plants. However, the reliance on oral traditions poses a risk of loss over time. Systematic documentation is crucial to preserve this rich traditional knowledge for the benefit of current and future generations (Courric et al., 2023).

The present review aims to summarize the bioactive principles of different therapeutic plants that are frequently employed in the ethno-pharmacological management of peptic ulcer disorders, providing evidence for their effectiveness and pharmacological activities in various preclinical studies.

METHODOLOGY

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards were followed in this comprehensive review, as adopted by Salisu et al. (2021), and followed the protocol unanimously approved by all contributors. The scope encompassed scientific publications that presented information on the use of traditional medicinal plants for peptic ulcer disease treatment. Exclusions comprised non-English studies abstracts lacking full text, and no limitations were imposed on sample size. The study included both in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the anti-peptic ulcer effectiveness of medicinal plants. Additionally, investigations carried out on related pharmacological activities that did not align with the specified in vivo or in vitro models mentioned earlier were also included. A total of fourteen years' (2010 to 2024) worth of relevant publications that satisfied the review paper's inclusion requirements were obtained from a number of databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database, Research Gate, Science Direct, PubMed and Elsevier. The primary search phrases employed included "Plant names and Helicobacter pylori", Plant names and peptic ulcer", Plant names and anti-peptic ulcer", “Plant names and gastric ulcer,” and "Plant names and duodenal ulcer". The gathered data was subjected to thorough filtration to ensure its relevance to the specified topic. The systematic "snowballing" technique guidelines adopted by Ziogas et al. (2021) were used to manually search for papers that were missing in the reference lists of the research included in the systematic review.

Record Selection and Inclusion Strategy

The present review followed a systematic approach for database search, selection, and inclusion. A total of 2,650 records were gathered from diverse sources. Research articles from different databases were initially organized and screened for duplicates based on titles. Subsequently, titles and abstracts were scrutinized to eliminate records with incorrect subjects or outcomes. Finally, the full-text articles were further screened to exclude irrelevant data, resulting in the inclusion of 33 full-text records in this review.

Data Extraction and Tabulation

Data extraction and tabulation, along with quality assessment of eligible studies, were conducted using standardized, pre-tested forms as adopted by Ziogas et al. (2021). The extracted information from the included studies encompassed information on plant name, family, global cultivation and distribution, extracts, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and anti-ulcer activities. All the information extracted was recorded and summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3.

RESULT

Medicinal Plants used in the Conventional Treatment of Peptic Ulcer

Over 1.5 million traditional medicine practitioners use medicinal plants for preventative, promotional, and curative purposes; they are essential to the production of effective therapeutic substances (Walia et al., 2020). In developing and underdeveloped societies, there is a considerable demand for plant-based medicines as a primary healthcare resource, given their extensive biological and medicinal properties, high safety profiles, and cost-effectiveness (Ahmed et al., 2021). A total of twenty (20) medicinal plants documented in the past 14 years (2010 to 2024) have been identified in this review. The recognized plants, along with their phytochemical constituents and biological activities, are as follows:

Curcuma longa

Turmeric, or Curcumalonga, is an annual herb with big oblong leaves and a tiny stem. The rhizomes of the plant can be oval, elliptical, or pyriform; they can branch periodically and have a brownish-yellow color (Jyotirmayee and Mahalik, 2022). The plant belonging to Zingiberaceae family contains curcumin (sometimes referred to as diferuloylmethane), the principal naturally occurring polyphenol found in its rhizome (Rahaman et al., 2020). Curcuma longa is cultivated primarily in countries such as Nigeria, Australia, Taiwan, Myanmar, China, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Peru, Bangladesh, the West Indies, and other Caribbean and Latin American nations (Jyotirmayee and Mahalik, 2022).

Research result indicates that turmeric, whetherin the form of extract, isolated compound, or powder, exhibits a diverse range of pharmacological activities (Umar et al., 2020). In traditional and herbal medicine, turmeric finds applications in addressing various health issues, such as urinary tract infections, chronic anterior uveitis, skin cancer, smallpox, chickenpox, rheumatoid arthritis, wound healing, liver ailments, conjunctivitis, overall body energy enhancement, gallstone dissolution, menstruation regulation, wound cleansing, worm expulsion, and digestive disorders (Rathore et al., 2020).

Diverse animal models, including cysteamine-induced ulcers, stress, indomethacin, ethanol, and pyloric ligation, were employed in some preclinical studies to extensively assess the anti-ulcer properties of curcumin (Gupta et al., 2021). Prior administration of the curcumin extract has demonstrated significant protection against agents causing cysto-destructive effects (Günbatan, 2022). It is expected that a significant rise in stomach wall mucus and the restoration of glutathione levels and non-protein sulfhydryl content in rats will provide gastro-protective effects (Fayez et al., 2023). The inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme and the reduction in levels of inflammatory mediators (ILs and TNF) have been identified to contribute to the anti-inflammatory properties of turmeric (Gandhi et al., 2022).

Figure 1: Curcuma longa root

Figure 2: Curcuma longa plant

Trema orientalis

Trema orientalis, a perennial shrub from the Ulmaceae family, is indigenous to South Africa, tropical Asia, and Australia, with a widespread global distribution (Al-Robai et al., 2022). The generic term originates from the Greek word "Trema", signifying hole, puncture, or pitted seeds, while the species name finds its roots in the Latin word "orientalis," meaning eastern (Niranjan et al., 2023). Trema orientalis thrived in lowland humid tropics; it is one of the early trees to develop on nutrient-starved, flood-prone, and arid terrain (Niranjan et al., 2023). The plant is widely referred to by a number of names, including Indian nettle tree, gunpowder tree, pigeon wood, hop out, and nettle tree (Appau et al., 2023). The leaves and roots of this shrub contain a variety of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, coumarins, and flavonoids (Chowdhury et al., 2018). After analyzing the plant's stem bark, identified chemicals like trematol, scopoletin, methylswertianin, 2α, 3ß-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were found (Kumadoh et al., 2021).

Flavonoids fromTrema orientalis, identified as cytoprotective agents, have been extensively verified for their antiulcerogenic efficacy; these active substances produce more mucus, stimulate the secretion of prostaglandin and bicarbonate, have antioxidant qualities, and prevent the growth of H. pylori, protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa against a variety of ulcerogenic agents (Kanase et al., 2019). Research has shown that plant phytosterols, particularly a fraction containing β-sitosterol as a major component, exhibit gastroprotective effects and demonstrate anti-peptic ulcer activity (Ahmed et al., 2021).

In a study using Wistar rats and an ethanol-induced ulcer model, the ethanolic leaf extract of Trema orientalis displayed significant gastroprotective activity, comparable to pantoprazole (Kanase et al., 2019). According to Kumadoh et al. (2021), Uddin et al. (2022) found that when Trema orientalis ethanolic leaf extract was compared to pantoprazole and controls at dosages of 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg, there was a dose-dependent decrease in ulcer index.

Figure 3:Trema orientalis

Maytenus robusta Reissek

Maytenus robusta Reissek plant belonging to the Celastraceae family contains a pentacyclic triterpenoid called Friedelin (Camargo et al., 2022); the anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, gastroprotective, and anti-cancer properties of this bioactive compound, Friedelin have all been reported (Huda et al., 2023).

In a model involving acetic acid-induced ulcers, histopathological analysis indicated that Maytenus robusta treatment reduced ulcer size and enhanced the regeneration of gastric mucosa compared to the control group (Meurer et al., 2022; Paricharak et al., 2021). Another investigation by Shipa et al. (2022) revealed that the aqueous leaf extract of Maytenus robusta demonstrated antiulcer effects comparable to omeprazole. Similarly, preclinical studies showed that Maytenus robusta has gastroprotective properties against ulcers caused by ethanol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication (Ahmed et al., 2021).

Phytochemical analyses have indicated the abundance of pentacyclic triterpenes in Maytenusrobusta (Sharifi-Rad et al., 2018). Consequently, pentacyclic triterpenes in Maytenus robusta have been shown to stimulate mucus synthesis and prostaglandin secretion, strengthening the gastric mucosa's defense mechanisms and contributing to the favorable effects of the plant on gastric health (Sharifi-Rad et al., 2018). Nonetheless, other phytochemicals, including flavonoids and steroids, may have also contributed to the plant's antiulcer properties (Sharifi-Rad et al., 2018).

Figure 4: Maytenus robusta Reissek

Mangifera indica

The tropical fruit tree known as Mangifera indica, commonly referred to as the "mango tree," is extensively cultivated globally (Bura et al., 2023). This plant stands out due to its distinctive flavor, hue, fragrance, and nutritional attributes (dos Santos Pinto et al., 2021). The mango tree, belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, contains various bioactive compounds, including vitamins (A, B6, C, and E), polyphenols (mangiferin, gallotannins, quercetin, isoquercetin, ellagic acid, glucogallin, kaempferol, catechins, tannins, and the unique xanthonoid), flavonoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein), organic acids, fats (omega-3 and 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids), carbohydrates, phenolic acids such as hydroxybenzoic acids (gallic, vanillic, syringic, protocatechuic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids) and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (p-coumaric, chlorogenic, ferulic, and caffeic acids), micronutrients (potassium, copper), amino acids, and certain volatile compounds (Rajasekaran and Soundarapandian, 2023).

The mango is a rich reservoir of vital nutrients and phytochemicals, serving as a potential nutritional supplement for preventing and treating a range of medical conditions (Choudhary et al., 2023). The leaf extract is employed in various biological applications, such as its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and anti-allergic properties (Ain et al., 2023). Mangifera indica has been recognized for providing gastro-protection against gastric ulcers as a result of its antisecretory, antioxidative, and cytoprotective properties (El‑Hawary et al., 2020). When the leaf extract was tested on rats using the pylorus ligation ulcer model, the ulcer index significantly decreased when compared to the standard medication ranitidine. This finding raises the possibility that the combination of different secondary metabolites found in the plant leaves is what gives Mangifera indica extracts their gastro-protective properties (Boakye-Yiadom et al., 2021). Traditionally, it has been employed for the treatment of ulcers (Paradee et al., 2023). Recent research involved treating rats with stomach lesions with several doses (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) of the flower decoction orally in a dose-dependent manner; the results showed a considerable decrease in the amount and acidity of gastric juice as a result of the extract (Fraga et al., 2019).

Boakye-Yiadomet al. (2021) reported that pretreatment with 250, 500, and 1000mg/kg In models of stress-induced and hydrochloric/ethanol stomach ulcers, the decoction of Mangiferaindica also showed a significant decrease in the ulcer index. This decrease could be ascribed to decreased acid production, inhibition of reactive oxygen species production, prevention of ethanol from passing through the stomach membrane, and increased production of bicarbonates and mucus, contributing to the antiulcer effects of Mangifera indica.

Figure 5: Mangifera indica

Moringa oleifera

The plant known as Moringa oleifera, belonging to the Moringaceae family, is often known as the "horse radish tree" or "drumstick" (Joshi and Pandit, 2023). It is also known by certain regional names such as marango, “miracle tree”, saijhan, mulangay, kelor, mlonge, benzolive, nébéday, and sajna (Sarode et al., 2023). This plant naturally thrives in regions such as Arabia, Africa, Pakistan, the Western Hemisphere, the sub-Himalayas, Asia Minor, and India (Awuchi et al., 2023). This plant contains various compounds like kaempferom, zeatin, flavonoids, saponin, terpenoids, tannins, quercetin, and alkaloids (Ibelegbu et al., 2023). Various components within Moringa preparations have been identified for their reported hypotensive, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. Examples of these components include niazimicin, pterygospermin, 4-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, 4-(4'-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, and 4-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate (Hamza and Azmach, 2017).

Moringa oleifera is traditionally used for the treatment of ulcers; to treat stomach ulcers, for instance, Kani tribal people in Tamil Nadu's Pechiparai Hills utilize leaf tea (Khanpara and Mavani, 2022). In Pakistan, the flower buds of Moringa oleifera are consumed for their reputed antiulcer effects (Abdu and Ashiru Garba, 2021). Recent researches have demonstrated the protective effects of an ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves when orally administered to rats with various induced stomach conditions, such as stomachs caused by the pylorus, stomachs caused by ethanol, stomachs caused by cold stress, and stomachs caused by aspirin. Following the administration of the extract, the results showed a decrease in the development of stomach ulcers as well as a decrease in the secretion of acid pepsin (Paricharak et al., 2021; Yadav et al., 2021; Awuchi et al., 2023).

Figure 6: Moringa oleifera

Allium sativum

Garlic, scientifically known as Allium sativum, belonging to the Liliaceae family, has been utilized both as a culinary spice since ancient times and for its therapeutic properties in addressing various pharmacological conditions like ulcers, cancer, pain, hypertension, asthma, and infections (Ahmed et al., 2022; Hamedi et al., 2022; Vuković et al., 2023). This plant contains starch, mucilage, albumen, sugar, and an acrid volatile oil that acts as an active ingredient. The seeds of the plant can be used to extract fragrant oil (Awuchi et al., 2023). The juice of garlic contains important nutrients, vitamins, and naturally bound combinations of sulphur, iodine, and salicylic acid (Awuchi et al., 2023).

The ability of garlic powder extract to control pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, such as interleukins (IL-10 and IL-1b) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), is thought to be responsible for its anti-ulcer properties (Johny and Mishra, 2023). Pre-treatment with a methanolic extract of Allium sativum demonstrated a reduction in ulcer scores when comparing the treatment group to the control group, indicating its anti-ulcer properties (Kuna et al., 2022). Studies show that at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, an oral extract of Allium sativum bulb juice shields rats against cysteamine-induced stomach ulcers; the extract also prevents experimentally induced duodenal and stomach ulcers in rats and greatly speeds up the healing process for gastric ulcers (Awuchi et al., 2023). Garlic's therapeutic benefits are attributed to the existence of several allyl polysulphides, including diallyl trisulfide (allitridin), allyl methyl sulphide, and diallyl disulfide (Ozma et al., 2023).

In a study conducted by Sharifi-Rad et al. (2019), it was observed that the use of allicin (800 mg/day) for 14 days did not result in the complete eradication of H. pylori infection among patients. However, an alternative approach involving the daily administration of 4.2 mg of allicin showed potential effectiveness in eliminating H. pylori. For the treatment of gastric H. pylori infection, raw garlic may be suggested in addition to conventional drugs due to its purported antibacterial qualities against H. pylori in the stomach (Gudalwar et al., 2021). The extract of black garlic has been shown to enhance gastrointestinal motility by effectively increasing 5-HT4 content, thereby stimulating gastrointestinal peristalsis, promoting gastrointestinal tract emptying, and facilitating defecation (Chen et al., 2018).

Figure 7: Allium sativum

Spondia mombin Linn.

Spondia mombin, also referred to as yellow mombin, is a perennial tree that grows in Africa and America. It is a member of the Anacardiaceae family and is farmed for its oil, leaves, and fruits (Plabon et al., 2021). Spondia mombin, a tropical plant that is mainly found in rainforest lowlands but has successfully evolved to flourish in drier locations, is widely known as "hog plum" in English-speaking tropical countries (Ogunro et al., 2023). This deciduous fruit tree is widespread in various regions, including Nigeria (especially in the Southwestern areas), Bolivia, Mexico, Guianas, Peru, Ivory Coast, Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela (Ogunro et al., 2023). In traditional medicine, Spondias mombin is utilized to treat various ailments such as dysentery, stomach aches, discomfort, diarrhea, inflammation, hemorrhoids, and other health conditions (Idaguko and Adeniyi, 2023).

Kumadoh et al. (2021) reported that an investigation of the ethanolic extract of Spondias mombin identified specific compounds, such as gallic acid and ellagic acid; these compounds demonstrated antiulcer activity. In ulcer models generated by Indomethacin, ethanol, and acetic acid, gallic acid, in particular, showed anti-H. pylori action and maybe a synergistic impact with other elements of the ethanolic extract.

Oluwatoyin and Deborah (2019) used ibuprofen, alcohol, and pylorus ligation-induced ulcer animal models to report on the anti-peptic ulcer activities of the aqueous leaf extract of Spondiamombin. Oral administration of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Spondia mombin leaf extract showed a non-dose-dependent antiulcer efficacy. 200 mg/kg provided the most percentage protection (90.60%), whereas 50 mg/kg demonstrated a percentage protection that was comparable to that of misoprostol (81.30% each).

The antiulcer activity in the ulcer model produced by pylorus ligation showed a dose-dependent pattern. A dosage of 200 mg/kg produced the greatest effect, offering 64.30% protection. The protection was marginally less but still considerable at 52.40% at a dosage of 100 mg/kg. Interestingly, omeprazole, the conventional medication, showed a lower level of protection (47.60%) than the extract given at 50 mg/kg (Kumadoh et al., 2021).

Figure 8: Spondia mombin Linn

Acacia arabica

Acacia arabica, also referred to as the "Babul tree," is a member of the Mimoaceae family (Balkrishna et al., 2022). Chemical investigation of this plant has revealed the following components: a gum with 14% moisture, 3-4% ash, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and arabic acid, along with a negligible quantity of malic acid (Mohiuddin, 2019). The bark is rich in tannin, while the pods contain approximately 22.44% each (Roy et al., 2023).

Acacia arabica can be employed as a gargle for hemorrhagic ulcers and wounds (Khatun et al., 2022). Additionally, when its delicate leaves are crushed into a poultice, they can serve as a stimulant and astringent for ulcers (Roy et al., 2023). Research has indicated that in rats subjected to cold restraint stress, the application of acacia senegal gum inhibited the development of stomach ulcers (Singh et al., 2022). Additionally, studies using an aqueous extract of Acacia arabica gum demonstrated protective benefits against meloxicam-induced intestinal damage and a decrease in the activity of intestinal enzymes (Al-Jubori et al., 2023).

Figure 9: Acacia arabica

Muntingia calabura

Muntingia calabura, belonging to the Muntingiaceae family, is a perennial shrub that can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of both America and Asia (Upadhye et al., 2021). Using an ethanol-induced stomach ulcer model in rats, a team of researchers led by Balan et al. (2015) investigated the preventative anti-ulcer capabilities of the methanolic extract derived from Muntingia calabura leaves. The study findings indicate that a dose-dependent decrease in gastric lesions and ulcer scores was observed upon pre-treatment with a methanolic extract derived from Muntingia calabura leaves. Gallic acid and volatile oils were found to be responsible for the observed reduction in nitric oxide, lipoxygenase, and xanthine oxidase as well as the maintenance of cell viability.

In a study carried out on rats with pyloric ligated ulcers, Zakaria et al. (2014) assessed the gastroprotective benefits of a methanolic extract derived from Muntingia calabura. The findings indicated a decrease in acidity and gastric content, coupled with an increase in mucus content, indicating that it may have anti-inflammatory, anti-secretory, and antioxidant properties. Moreover, tannins, squalene, saponins, and flavonoids (such as quercetin, rutin, and fisetin) were linked to the pharmacological actions of the Muntingia calabura extract.

Figure 10:Muntingia calabura

Maytenus senegalensis

Maytenus senegalensis, belonging to the Celastraceae family, is a perennial plant that can take the form of a shrub, typically reaching a height of up to 7-9 meters (Kumadoh et al., 2021). It lacks thorns or may have spines measuring up to 7 cm, found either in the axils or at the tips of short axillary branches. The plant is smooth, devoid of latex, and its young branches are mostly unlined, often displaying a glaucous appearance (Da Silva et al., 2011). In tropical Africa, Maytenus senegalensis is found in the Savannah regions, thriving in diverse habitats such as deciduous woodlands, thickets, scrub, wooded grasslands, as well as along riverbanks and swamp margins (Da Silva et al., 2011).

The chemical makeup of Maytenus senegalensis consists of a range of substances, including tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, phenols, and saponins (Umar et al., 2019). Research revealed various traditional medicinal applications of Maytenus senegalensis, treating ailments including helminth infections, rheumatism, cough, asthma, diarrhea, malaria, inflammatory illnesses, chronic wound healing, and dyspepsia (Owoyemi and Oladunmoye, 2017).

Several bioactive substances derived from Maytenus senegalensis, including phytosterols and epicatechin, play a significant role in promoting advantageous anti-ulcer effects. Haule et al. (2012) conducted an assessment of the antiulcer properties using an ethanol-induced model, employing a polyherbal extract that included Maytenus senegalensis in an animal model. Similar to pantoprazole, the extract showed a decrease in stomach mucosal lesions. One possible explanation for the decreased ulceration is the release of more gastric mucus, the stabilisation of the mucosal lining, and a decrease in acid distribution and gastric mucosal absorption. These findings align with the findings of Vecchia et al. (2022), who noted that the hydro-alcoholic extract of Maytenus robusta had antiulcer properties. At 500 mg/kg body weight, the extract lowered ulceration in a manner akin to that of omeprazole (30 mg/kg body weight), offering virtually equal levels of gastro-protection. Studies on the effects of Maytenus senegalensis on animal models revealed that its aqueous oral extract was generally harmless (Da Silva et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2013).

Jigam et al. (2020) analyzed the leaf extract of Maytenus senegalensis, demonstrating the existence of bioactive substances like phytol, 3,5,7-tetraen-carboxylic acid-methylester, 20α)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-24-nor-friedela-1, 2(4H)-Benzofuranone, and 3-hydroxy-20-lupen-28-ol. These bioactive compounds, obtained from the leaf extract, exhibit potential for antiulcer activity and other pharmacological benefits.

Figure 11: Maytenus senegalensis

Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart

Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart., a member of the Leguminosae family, has been traditionally utilised in folk medicine to treat conditions like gynaecological difficulties, inflammation, injuries, and gastritis (Souza-Moreira et al., 2018; Shipa et al., 2022). The flavonoids found in Stryphnodendron rotundifolium, such as gallocatechin, rutin, catechin, and caffeic and gallic acids, are thought to have medicinal qualities (de Souza Ribeiro et al., 2022). Preclinical investigations have demonstrated that prior administration of Stryphnodendron rotundifolium led to a reduction in glucose absorption and ulcer scores in Wistar rats, indicating its potential anti-ulcer effects (Demarque et al., 2018).

Moreover, the hydroalcoholic extract of Stryphnodendron rotundifolium has been shown to mitigate gastric lesions in rat models induced by ethanol and indomethacin (Shipa et al., 2022); this protective effect involves the activation of potassium channels and transient receptor potential cation channels, as well as a decrease in gastric lesions and motility, which is associated with the release of prostaglandins and nitric oxide (de Oliveira et al., 2018). Additionally, the observed reduction in lipid peroxidation implies the beneficial impact of Stryphnodendron rotundifolium in conditions associated with oxidative stress (Salazar et al., 2022).

Figure 12: Stryphnodendron rotundifolium

Oryza sativa

The popular name for the cereal grass Oryza sativa, a member of the Gramineae family, is rice, commonly referred to as paddy. Rice have starch content more than any other starchy grain, with minimal amounts of fat, protein, or minerals, as noted by Awuchi et al. (2023). Rice is a primary essential crop following wheat, providing sustenance for billions of individuals worldwide and earning the title of the global grain (Gómez de Barreda et al., 2021). Cultivated on every habitable continent, rice demonstrates remarkable adaptability to diverse pedo-climatic conditions (Abbas et al., 2021).

Oryza sativa contains numerous bioactive substances, such as carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, phytosterols, and γ-oryzanol. Extensive research has demonstrated their pharmacological activities, such as gastroprotective, antibacterial, antivirus, antiultraviolet, antiobesity, antiproliferative, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects (Kusumawati et al., 2023).

When mice were given 2000 mg/kg of black rice bran orally, there was no acute toxicity, indicating that the product is safe to use. Due to their strong antioxidant properties, important chemical components found in black rice bran, such as gallic acid, γ-oryzanol, α-tocopherol, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins, are essential for the renewal of gastric ulcers (Tonchaiyaphum et al., 2021).

Rice gruel, commonly referred to as conjee water, is a thicker drinkprepared by boiling rice powder in water, generally with a squeeze of lemon and a teaspoon of salt; this mixture serves as a beneficial beverage in cases of irritable or inflammatory stomach conditions. When excluding lime juice and salt, rice gruel is recommended for individuals with gastric ulcers (Awuchi et al., 2023).

Additionally, rats' stomach ulcers caused by pylorus ligation and swimming stress were prevented by an oral dose of 1 millilitre of rice bran oil (Oryza sativa bran) given for four (4) days. The amount of stomach acid secreted when at rest was greatly decreased by the extract, as reported by Żurek et al. (2022).

Figure 13: Oryza sativa

Momordica charantia Linn.

Momordica charantia, also known as bitter gourd and belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, is a flowering vine that stands out as a significant global vegetable crop (Bhati et al., 2023). The plant, also known as bitter melon, balsam pear, or bitter apple, boasts notable nutritional value with elevated levels of iron and ascorbic acid (Asna et al., 2020). It is recognized for its reported properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-dementia, anti-cholesterol, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-diabetic effects (Gayathry and John, 2022).

There is a clear historically evidence for the use of bitter gourd leaves and fruits as remedies for conditions such as diabetes, colic, and the healing of skin sores and wounds (Tanwar et al., 2022). While the entire plant is edible, bitter gourd cultivation primarily focuses on its fruit (Gayathry and John, 2022). In addition to the fruits, the roots, leaves, and vines are utilized to alleviate toothaches, diarrhea, and furuncles (Gayathry and John, 2022).

Traditionally, it has been employed for wound healing and addressing malignant ulcers. Studies have reported that Momordicacharantia fruits have anti-H. pylori effect (Kumadoh et al., 2021). Methanolic extract derived from the fruits of bitter gourddemonstrated efficacy in managing duodenal, gastric and stress-induced ulcers in animal models. The suggested mechanism involves a reduction in acid production and an increase in mucus secretion (Kumadoh et al., 2021). Additionally, similar therapeutic effects were seen while treating peptic ulcers with an extract of the fruit dissolved in olive oil (Airaodion et al., 2019). Furthermore, when Momordicacharantia fruit extracts were used to treat rats with ulcers brought on by stress, pylorus ligation, and aspirin, the outcomes were encouraging (Mbatchou et al., 2017).

Figure 14:Momordica charantia Linn.

Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess

Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess belonging to the Clusiaceae family, contains derivatives of chromanone: isobrasiliensic acid and Brasiliensic acid (Lemoset al., 2023); these compounds have been shown to be effective in treating a number of pharmacological disorders, such as ulcers, rheumatism, pain, haemorrhoids, inflammation, and H. pylori infection (Gupta et al., 2021).

The anti-ulcer properties of Calophyllum brasiliense bark were assessed using indomethacin and ethanol-induced ulcer models, with measurements of malondialdehyde, catalase, and glutathione levels in stomach tissue. The findings showed an increase in catalase level, a decrease in malondialdehyde level, and no observable effect on glutathione level (Gupta et al., 2021). The results of the gastro-protective potential of the bark's dichloromethane extract examination for stress, indomethacin, and ethanol-induced ulcers using rat models demonstrated a total/free acidity and reduction in gastric secretion, underscoring the antiulcer effects of Calophyllum brasiliense (Gupta et al., 2021).

Figure 15:Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess

Psidium guajava Linn.

Psidium guajava, a member of the Myrtaceae family, reaches a height of up to 10 meters and is extensively found in various countries (Ugbogu et al., 2022). According to Naseer et al. (2018), the plant has a short trunk, peeling, smooth, irregular bark, and fleshy, dark green leaves with distinct veins. The shrub bears white flowers and pulpy, hard, tiny seeds in its fruit. Packed with minerals (iron, phosphorus, and calcium), vitamins (A and C), dietary fiber (pectin), and protein, the fruit serves as a valuable nutritional source.

Psidium guajava composition includes essential chemical constituents like tannins, carotenoids, lectins, glycosides, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenes, vitamins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids (Weli et al., 2019). The leaves are rich in beneficial phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, kaempferol, myricetin, chlorogenic acid, gallate, hyperin, guaijaverin, apigenin, epigallocatechin, catechin, gallic acid, epicatechin, and quercetin (Kumar et al., 2021).

Pharmacological investigations have revealed that extracts from Psidium guajava possess various therapeutic properties, including analgesic, lipid-lowering, anti-hyperglycemic, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antimutagenic, antidiarrheal, anti-angiogenic, hepato-protective, anticestodal, antioxidant, spermatoprotective, anticough, and anti-hypertensive activities. These pharmacological effects are attributed to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds in the plant. (Ugbogu et al., 2022).

Psidium guajava is utilized in ethnobotanical practices for addressing various stomach ailments, including peptic ulcers (Poudel et al., 2021). Psidiumguajava may be useful in treating peptic ulcers, according to a study by Livingston and Sundar (2012) that used pylorus ligation, ethanol-induced, and aspirin-induced models in Wistar rats. Treatment with extract doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced gastric ulcers induced by aspirin (70.5%), ethanol (70.4%), and pylorus ligation (65.07%), showing efficacy comparable to omeprazole (74.1%).

In a report of an analysis of the anti-ulcerogenic efficacy of guava leaf aqueous extract using an ethanol-induced ulcer model, rats treated with 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of the extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in stomach lesions in comparison to animals who were not treated. The anti-peptic ulcer activity exhibited by Psidium guajava leaves is attributed to phytochemical constituents such as volatile oils, flavonoids, and saponins (Kumadoh et al., 2021; Tende et al., 2020).

Figure 16: Psidium guajava

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Zingiber officinale Roscoe, the scientific name for ginger, is a member of the Zingiberaceae family and is a natural rhizome with diverse biological properties (Pai et al., 2022). Its health benefits are ascribed to various biological components, including zingerones, gingerdiols, gingerols, paradols, and shogaols (Darekar et al., 2023; Ma et al., 2021). Notably, shogaol, present in forms like 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-shogaol, is identified as a major active compound in ginger (Zhang et al., 2022).

In rat models exposed to ethanol and stress-induced ulcers, research has investigated the ulcer-preventive effects of ginger extracts (Beiranvand, 2022); pre-treatment with ginger extract showed protective effects against Helicobacter pylori infection and displayed free radical scavenging activity, which suggests its potential use in ulcer treatment (Gupta et al., 2021). Ahmed et al. (2021) conducted a preclinical study on albino rats to evaluate the cytoprotective and anti-ulcer properties of ginger. The study also revealed that different agents induced gastric lesions in different dose-dependent ways, emphasising the potential of ginger as an anti-secretory and gastro-protective agent (Djanaev et al., 2022).

Elbestawy et al. (2023) assessed the antibacterial activity of Zingiber officinale extract against Helicobacter pylori isolates and the reference strain NCTC 11637 using a disc diffusion experiment. The results showed that the Zingiber officinale extract had significant antibacterial activity against both H. pylori isolates and the reference strain NCTC 11637, with a mean ± standard deviation imbibition zone ranging from 10±0.3 to 24±0.4 mm. These outcomes were similar to those obtained with gentamicin, which, against the reference strain NCTC 11637, demonstrated an imbibition zone of 22±0.04 mm. Zingiber officinale's lowest inhibitory concentration against both the standard strain and resistant H. pylori isolates varied from 20 to 48 µg/ml. Elbestawy et al. (2023) also found that the ATCC-43504 strain, four CagA+ strains, and fourteen clinical isolates of H. pylori were inhibited from growing at a concentration of 50.0 µg/ml crude methanol extract of Zingiber officinale.

Additionally, Zingiber officinale's ethanolic extract was found to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 58 µg/ml against the H. pylori CagA+ strain by Azadi et al. (2019). Furthermore, it was discovered that combining Zingiber officinale with cinnamon extract reduced the CagA gene level by 1.94 times. According to Chakotiya et al. (2017), bacterial cells' permeability and efflux activity were altered by Zingiber officinale extract.

Figure 17: Zingiber officinale

Morinda lucida Benth

Morinda lucida, commonly known as the Brimstone tree (due to the yellow colour of the wood), belonging to the Rubiaceae family, is a medium-sized, evergreen tree with dark, glossy leaves on the upper side (Adewole et al., 2021). The plants is one of the most frequently collected and utilized medicinal plant in the traditional healing practices of Africa, thriving in the tropical rainforests of Central and West Africa (Evbuomwan et al., 2023).

Traditional medicine utilizes various parts of the plant, including roots, stem bark, and leaves, to address ailments such as ulcers, hypertension, diabetes, and leprosy (Olaniyan and Olaniyan, 2023). The leaves of Morinda lucida have been found to contain phytochemical constituents like anthraquinones (rubiadin, soranjidol, lucidin, nordamnacanthal, purpuroxanthin and molucidin, a tetracyclic iridoid), saponins, tannins, triterpenes, alkaloids and flavonoids (Kumadoh et al., 2021).

Research has examined the antiulcer properties of the methanol extract from Morinda lucida leaves using a rat model with acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastric ulcers and a mouse model assessing intestinal motility. The findings indicated that the Morinda lucida leaf extract promoted intestinal motility and reduced gastric emptying time in the tested animals (Kumadoh et al., 2023).

Christophe et al. (2017) conducted an assessment using aqueous extract from Morinda lucida leaves at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight on indomethacin and acetic acid induced gastric ulcers. According to the results, the ulcer index showed a noteworthy decline. The authors suggest that a rise in prostaglandins, which function as a cytoprotective agent in the stomach, could be the cause of the observed activity. Furthermore, the preservation of the stomach membrane through the promotion of mucus and bicarbonate ion secretion is suggested as another possible mechanism for the recorded effects Christophe et al., (2017).

Figure 18: Morinda lucida Benth

Adansonia digitata

The Adansoniadigitata tree, a member of the family Malvaceae, is referred to as the "African baobab or monkey-bread tree" (Bharskar, 2022; Malabadi et al., 2021). It stands as one of the largest and oldest trees globally (Kelly et al., 2022). The plant contains various chemical components in its pulp, such as tartrate, acetate of potash, mucilage, gum, glucose, and other salts (Vaishnavi Burley et al., 2021). Wax, glucose, salts, gum, and albuminoids are found in the leaf; albuminous carbonate, potassium and sodium chloride, and the glucoside adansonin are found in the bark (Vaishnavi Burley et al., 2021).

To address indolent syphilitic ulcers, effectively apply fresh leaf juice mixed with powdered ginger and Salvadoraindica root juice (Awuchi et al., 2023). Additionally, the leaves can be used to treat irritable, inflammatory ulcers by making poultices and fermentations (Wakodkar et al., 2021).

Rats were used in a study by Malgave et al. (2019) to evaluate the antiulcer potential of three different extracts: ADFP (ethanolic extract from Adansonia digitata fruit pulp), ADSO (n-hexane extract from Adansonia digitata seed oil), and ADFP+ADSO. The study included ethanol administration models and pylorus ligation-induced stomach ulcers. For ten days, doses of ADFO (500 mg/kg), ADSO (300 mg/kg), and the combination of ADFP & ADSO were given. The reference medication used was omeprazole (10 mg/kg). Results from both models demonstrated a significant (p<0.001) reduction in the ulcer index for ADFP, ADSO, and the combination of ADFP+ADSO. The control group exhibited a severe ulcer index, whereas the test groups showed a decrease, with the combination group demonstrating the highest inhibition of ulcer index.

When the fruit extract was administered, the levels of gastric mucus and pH increased, whereas offensive indicators like stomach volume, free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index, protein, and pepsin significantly decreased (p<0.001). In comparison to the test group, the control group's total protein content in the stomach was greater. The stomach juice's protein level decreased as a result of taking omeprazole. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation rose, whereas antioxidant enzyme activity, such as those of catalase and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), declined in the control group. Lipid peroxidation was reduced, although superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were increased upon treatment with both the fruit extract and omeprazole.

Figure 19: Adansonia digitata

Carica papaya

The Carica papaya, a herbaceous succulent plant native to tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, belongs to the Caricaceae family (Babalola et al., 2024). Carica papaya is used pharmacologically for a number of medicinal applications because of its antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties (Kumar et al., 2022). While the ripe fruits of the Carica papaya are often eaten fresh after removing the peel and seeds, the unripe fruit can be useful for healing indolent ulcers when cooked (Rani et al., 2020). Eating unripe fruit has been linked to a reduction in the risk of stomach ulcers (Awuchi et al., 2023). Caffeic acid, kaempferol, raffinose, β-carotene, myricetin, xylitol, dehydrocarpain I and II, lycopene, ferulic acid, carpaine, β-sitosterol, and galactose are among the bioactive substances present in papaya (Gupta et al., 2021).

Using a variety of ulcer models, such as those generated by pyloric ligation, ethanol, acetic acid, and indomethacin, the anti-ulcerogenic efficacy of Carica papaya methanolic extract was evaluated (Bhatti et al., 2022). An increase in mucus production, elevated levels of glutathione, and gastric acidity showed a significant reduction of gastric acid observed after treatment with both aqueous and methanolic extracts of Carica papaya, demonstrating gastroprotective effects (El Mehiry and Abd El-Hay, 2022).

Studies have demonstrated that ethanol-induced stomach ulcers in rats were protected by administering 50 and 100 mg/kg of a Carica papaya seed extract diluted in water; the extract effectively prevented damage to the stomach lining caused by ethanol, significantly reducing both the production of gastric juice and its acidity (Daharia et al., 2022).

Pinto et al. (2015) investigated whether methanolic extracts from Carica papaya seeds could prevent stomach ulcers brought on by indomethacin and ethanol. Methanolic extracts at dosages of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg were pre-treated in experimental groups of rats. The study found that ethanol-induced stomach lesions decreased in a dose-dependent manner. When the maximum dosage (500 mg/kg) was administered to rats with indomethacin-induced ulcers, the lesions were shown to lessen clinically. These results imply the possibility of the presence of bioactive substances with anti-ulcerogenic qualities in the Carica papaya extracts.

Figure 20: Carica papaya

Table 1: Cultivation and Global Distribution of Selected Medicinal Plants

Table 2: Phytochemical Constituents and PharmacologicalActivities of Selected Medicinal Plants

Table 3: Studies on Gastroprotective Effects of Selected Medicinal Plants

DISCUSSION

The study of different plant species reveals that they have a great deal of potential to offer medical advantages due to the variety of phytochemical components they contain. These plants are useful in the management and treatment of a wide range of medical diseases because of their diverse range of biological activity. Strong anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-ulcer characteristics are found in plants, including Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera, and Allium sativum, which makes them useful for treating digestive disorders and other medical conditions. The anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective properties of Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava are attributed to their antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties.

A review of several plants indicates that they have significant pharmacological potential for the treatment of ulcers and associated gastrointestinal disorders. Curcuma longa and Trema orientalis are notable for their gastroprotective and anti-ulcerogenic properties, which are mainly attributed to their stimulation of prostaglandin and mucus secretion, as well as their inhibition of H. pylori. By using substances like flavonoids and triterpenes, Maytenus robusta and Mangifera indica demonstrate encouraging effects in decreasing the size of ulcers and strengthening the defences of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The antiulcerogenic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of Allium sativum and Moringa oleifera underscore their potential as natural treatments. Other plants that show antioxidant and anti-ulcer qualities, like Spondias mombin, Acacia arabica, and Muntingia calabura, further support the therapeutic prospects. Additional studies on Psidium guajava and Zingiber officinale reveal their capacity to reduce gastric ulcers and protect against H. pylori infection, confirming their therapeutic potential. All of these results highlight the effectiveness of these plants as natural therapeutic options for improving stomach health and stress the need for more study to fully realize their therapeutic potential.

CONCLUSION

The research on a variety of plant species highlights their significant pharmacological potential in the treatment of a number of medical disorders, most notably peptic ulcers and associated gastrointestinal problems. Strong anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-ulcer qualities have been demonstrated by plants, including Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera, and Allium sativum, making them useful natural treatments for digestive issues. These plants have a variety of processes that include increasing mucus production, modifying stomach secretions, and suppressing inflammatory mediators. These mechanisms demonstrate the effectiveness of these plants as therapeutics and the necessity of more research to fully realize their medical potential.

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