Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Antibacterial Potentials of Moringa oleifera and Aloe vera Leaves Against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.25103.027Keywords:
Antibacterial activity, Bacteria, Gastroenteritis, Phytochemical, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeAbstract
Study’s Excerpt:
- Moringa oleifera and Aloe vera extracts inhibit coli and K. pneumoniae growth.
- Ethanol extracts showed stronger antibacterial activity than aqueous ones.
- Phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins were detected in both extracts.
- Steroids were absent in both Moringa and Aloe vera leaf extracts.
- Ethanol extracted more bioactive compounds than distilled water.
Full Abstract:
The medicinal properties shown by different medicinal plants are a result of the present phytochemicals in the plants. These phytochemicals are important sources for the treatment of diseases. Different phytochemicals have an extensive range of activities, which help to boost the immune system and give resistance against disease to protect the body from harmful pathogens. The study aimed to determine the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf and Aloe vera extracts against two (2) bacteria associated with gastroenteritis, namely, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The bacterial isolates were obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of Gombe State University, Gombe. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract was conducted to ascertain the presence and amount of bioactive components present in both plant extracts using two solvents (Ethanol and Distilled Water). The antimicrobial assay of the leaf extracts was performed using the disc diffusion method. The qualitative phytochemicals screening of the extract indicated the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, saponins, and tannins, while steroids were absent in both plant samples. The result shows that the extracts were active against the microorganisms. The ethanol extract showed the highest activity against the bacterial isolates compared to the aqueous extracts. It is concluded that ethanol extract has a higher effect and possesses more antibacterial activities compared to the aqueous extracts, which is attributable to the fact that ethanol extracts more of the bioactive components of the plant compared to the aqueous.
Downloads
References
Abd Rani, K., Husain, K., & Kumolosasi, E. (2018). Moringa genus: A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00108
Abdallah, M. E. (2011). Plants: An alternative source for antimicrobials. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 1(6), 16–20.
Abd-Rabou, A. A., Abdalla, A. M., Ali, N. A., & Zoheir, K. M. (2017). Moringa oleifera root induces cancer apoptosis more effectively than leaf nanocomposites and its free counterpart. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 18, 2141–2149. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2017.18.8.2141
Abdull Razis, A. F., Ibrahim, M. D., & Kntayya, S. B. (2014). Health benefits of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(20), 8571–8576. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.20.8571
Abdullahi, D. K., Michael, O. O., & Indabawa, I. I. (2014). Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(3), 172–178.
Abubakar, I., & Usman, A. (2016). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 8(5), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMA2016.0361
Adebayo, I. A., Arsad, H., & Samian, M. R. (2017). Antiproliferative effect on breast cancer (MCF7) of Moringa oleifera seed extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 14(2), 282–287. https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v14i2.30
Ahmad, M., & Nazir, A. (2016). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera L. extracts against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. MYCOPATH, 14(1–2), 21–27.
Ahmadu, T., & Ahmad, K. (2021). An introduction to bioactive natural products and general applications. In Bioactive natural products for pharmaceutical applications (pp. 41–91). Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54027-2_2
Ali, P., Garg, R., Goyal, G., Kaur, G., Li, X., Negi, P., Valis, M., Kuca, K., & Kulshrestha, S. (2021). A novel herbal hydrogel formulation of Moringa oleifera for wound healing. Plants, 10(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010025
Aondo, T. O., Odiaka, N. I., Akesa, T. M., & Olaleye, O. O. (2018). Phytochemical and antifungal efficacy of different parts of Moringa oleifera plant extracts. Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, 3(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJB2T/2018/40198
Athiban, P. (2012). Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Aloe vera and its effectiveness in decontaminating gutta percha cones. Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 15(3), 246. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.97949
Ayoade, E. T., Akinyemi, A. O., & Oyelere, F. S. (2019). Phytochemical profile of different morphological organs of Moringa oleifera plant. Journal of Phytopharmacology, 8(6), 295–298. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2019.8605
Ayurveda-Recipes.com. (2011). Aloe vera [Homepage on the Internet]. Retrieved July 4, 2011, from https://www.ayurveda-recipes.com/aloevera.html
Berkovich, L., Earon, G., Ron, I., Rimmon, A., Vexler, A., & Lev-Ari, S. (2013). Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract down-regulates nuclear factor-kappaB and increases cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1), 212. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-212
Bibi, R., Ali, S. S., Rehman, K. U., Akhtar, N., Ullah, B., & Wali, S. (2021). Phytochemical screening and biological activities of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F. Pure and Applied Biology, 10(2), 360–367. https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100039
Bukar, A., Uba, A., & Oyeyi, T. I. (2010). Antimicrobial profile of Moringa oleifera Lam. extracts against some food-borne microorganisms. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v3i1.58706
Bukhari, S., Nawaz, H., Tariq, S., & Muneer, A. (2017). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera gel on selected urinary pathogens. Biomedica, 33(1), 39–43.
Cardarelli, M., Rouphael, Y., Pellizzoni, M., Colla, G., & Lucini, L. (2017). Profile of bioactive secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacity of leaf exudates from eighteen Aloe species. Industrial Crops and Products, 108, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.06.017
Cheesbrough Monica, (2019) District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 1. Cambridge university press, ISBN: 9780521135177
Chritaki, E., & Florou-Paneri, P. (2010). Aloe vera: A plant for many uses. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8(2), 245–249.
Cock, I. (2015). The genus Aloe: Phytochemistry and therapeutic uses including treatments for gastrointestinal conditions and chronic inflammation. In Novel natural products: Therapeutic effects in pain, arthritis and gastrointestinal diseases (pp. 179–235). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0927-6_6
Daba, M. (2016). Miracle tree: A review on multipurposes of Moringa oleifera and its implication for climate change mitigation. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000366
Danish, P., Ali, Q., Hafeez, M. M., & Malik, A. (2020). Antifungal and antibacterial activity of Aloe vera plant extract. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal, 2020, e003.
Daniyan, S. Y., Abalaka, M. E., & Eru, O. E. (2011). The use of Moringa seed extract in water purification. International Research Journal in Ayurveda & Pharmacy, 2(4), 1265–1271.
Das, N., Sikder, K., Ghosh, S., Fromenty, B., & Dey, S. (2012). Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract prevents early liver injury and restores antioxidant status in mice fed with high-fat diet. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 50, 404–412.
Das, P., & Srivastav, A. K. (2015). Phytochemical extraction and characterization of the leaves of Aloe vera barbadensis for its antibacterial and antioxidant activity. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 6(14).
Dey, P., Dutta, S., Chowdhury, A., Das, A. P., & Chaudhuri, T. K. (2017). Variation in phytochemical composition reveals distinct divergence of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F. from other Aloe species: Rationale behind selective preference of Aloe vera in nutritional and therapeutic use. *Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 22*(4), 624–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587217698292
Dzotam, J. K., Touani, F. K., & Kuete, V. (2016). Antibacterial and antibiotic-modifying activities of three food plants (Xanthosoma mafaffa Lam., Moringa oleifera (L.) Schott and Passiflora edulis Sims) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-0990-7
El Sayed, A. M., Ezzat, S. M., El Naggar, M. M., & El Hawary, S. S. (2016). In vivo diabetic wound healing effect and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS profiling of the methanol extracts of eight Aloe species. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 26, 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2016.01.009
Elzein, M., Fahal, A. M., Rani, M. D., Aklakur, T. I., & Neelam, S. (2018). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) pods. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(5), 657–665. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.080
Gupta, A., & Rawat, S. (2017). Clinical importance of Aloe vera: Review. Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Sciences, 8(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.5958/2321-5844.2017.00004.8
Gupta, A., Gautam, M. K., Singh, R. K., Kumar, M. V., Rao, C. H. V., Goel, R. K., & Anupurba, S. (2010). Immunomodulatory effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. extract on cyclophosphamide induced toxicity in mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48, 1157–1160.
Hazrati, S., Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Z., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A., Modarres-Sanavy, S. A. M., Mohammadi, H., & Nicola, S. (2017). Effects of zeolite and water stress on growth, yield and chemical compositions of Aloe vera L. Agricultural Water Management, 181, 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.11.026
Ishrat, Y., Afshan, S., Tahira, A., Sehrish, B., Sarah, J., & Muhammad, A. (2015). Screening antiviral activity of Moringa oleifera L. leaves against foot and mouth disease virus. Global Veterinaria, 15(4), 409–413.
Jain, S., Rathod, N., Nagi, R., Sur, J., Laheji, A., Gupta, N., Agrawal, P., & Prasad, S. (2016). Antibacterial effect of Aloe vera gel against oral pathogens: An in-vitro study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 10(8), ZC41–ZC44. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/21450.8890
Kargaran, M., Moradabadi, A., Arjomandzadegan, M., Hosseini, H., Habibi, G., Tayeboon, M., et al. (2016). Effects of the aqueous extract of Aloe vera on the morphological and physiological properties of E. coli. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.23896
Kasolo, J. N., Bimenya, G. S., Ojok, L., Ochieng, J., & Ogwal-Okeng, J. W. (2010). Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leaves in Ugandan rural communities. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(9), 753–757. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.492
Kaur, H., Arora, B., Barua, A., Balha, M., Goyal, R., Bhattacharya, A., et al. (2015). Antifungal activity of phyto-extracts of Piper longum, Aloe vera, and Withania somnifera against human fungal opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. DU Journal of Undergraduate Research and Innovation.
Khaing, T. A. (2011). Evaluation of the antifungal and antioxidant activities of the leaf extract of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller). World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 51(3), 609–611.
Kumar, S., Yadav, M., Yadav, A., & Yadav, J. P. (2015). Comparative analysis of antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of Aloe vera and quantification of aloe-emodin collected from different climatic zones of India. Archives of Clinical Microbiology, 6(2), 1–10.
Leelawat, S., & Leelawat, K. (2014). Moringa oleifera extracts induce cholangiocarcinoma cell apoptosis by induction of reactive oxygen species production. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 6, 183–189.
Leone, A., Spada, A., Battezzati, A., Schiraldi, A., Aristil, J., & Bertoli, S. (2015). Cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera leaves: An overview. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(6), 12791–12835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612791
Li, Y., Shen, Y., Yao, C. L., & Guo, D. A. (2020). Quality assessment of herbal medicines based on chemical fingerprints combined with chemometrics approach: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 113215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113215
Lobine, D., Cummins, I., Govinden-Soulange, J., Ranghoo-Sanmukhiya, M., Lindsey, K., Chazot, P., Ambler, C., Grellscheid, S., Sharples, G., & Lall, N. (2018). Medicinal Mascarene aloes: An audit of their phytotherapeutic potential. Fitoterapia, 124, 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.10.010
Lucini, L., Pellizzoni, M., Pellegrino, R., Molinari, G. P., & Colla, G. (2015). Phytochemical constituents and in vitro radical scavenging activity of different Aloe species. Food Chemistry, 170, 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.034
Martin, C., Martin, G., Garcia, A., Fernández, T., Hernández, E., & Puls, L. (2013). Potential applications of Moringa oleifera. A critical review. Pastos y Forrajes, 36, 150–158.
Mbikay, M. (2012). Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 3, 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00024
Miroddi, M., Navarra, M., Calapai, F., Mancari, F., Giofrè, S., Gangemi, S., & Calapai, G. (2015). Review of clinical pharmacology of Aloe vera L. in the treatment of psoriasis. Phytotherapy Research, 29(5), 648–655. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5316
Mirzaeian, R., Sadoughi, F., Tahmasebian, S., & Mojahedi, M. (2021). The role of herbal medicines in health care quality and the related challenges. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. http://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2021.17
Mohammed, A. H., Na'inna, S. Z., Yusha'u, M., Salisu, B., Adamu, U., & Kabeer, Z. M. (2017). Antibacterial, cytotoxicity and GC-MS analysis of extracts. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 10(1), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v10i1.23
Nejatzadeh-Barandozi, F. (2013). Antibacterial activities and antioxidant capacity of Aloe vera. Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 3, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-2858-3-5
Nepolean, P., Anitha, J., & Emilin, R. R. (2009). Isolation, analysis and identification of phytochemicals of antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. Current Biotica, 3(1), 33–37.
Oluduro, A. O. (2012). Evaluation of antimicrobial properties and nutritional potentials of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf in South Western Nigeria. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 8, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.21161/mjm.02912
Omodanisi, E. I., Aboua, Y. G., & Oguntibeju, O. O. (2017). Therapeutic potentials and pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera Lam in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and related complications. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 16(7), 1737–1746. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v16i7.35
Ozcan, M. M. (2020). Moringa spp: Composition and bioactive properties. South African Journal of Botany, 129, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.11.017
Park, B., You, S., Cho, W. C. S., Choi, J. Y., & Lee, M. S. (2019). A systematic review of herbal medicines for the treatment of cancer cachexia in animal models. *Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B, 20*(1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1800171
Patel, R. K., Manish, M. P., Nilesh, R. K., Kirit, R. V., & Patel, R. K. (2010). In vitro hepatoprotective activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves on isolated rat hepatocytes. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(1), 457–463.
Priyanka, D., Shalini, T. and Navneet, V.K. (2013) A Brief Study on Marigold (Tagetes Species): A Review. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 4, 43-48.
Radha, M. H., & Laxmipriya, N. P. (2015). Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006
Rahmani, A. H., Aldebasi, Y. H., Srikar, S., Khan, A. A., & Aly, S. M. (2015). Aloe vera: Potential candidate in health management via modulation of biological activities. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 9(17), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.162118
Rani, N., Husain, K., & Kumolosasi, E. (2018). Moringa genus: A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00108
Rockwood, J. L., Anderson, B. G., & Casamatta, D. A. (2013). Potential uses of Moringa oleifera and an examination of antibiotic efficacy conferred by M. oleifera seed and leaf extracts using crude extraction techniques available to underserved indigenous populations. International Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 3, 61–71.
Salehi, B., Albayrak, S., Antolak, H., Kręgiel, D., Pawlikowska, E., Sharifi-Rad, M., et al. (2018). Aloe genus plants: From farm to food applications and phytopharmacotherapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(9), 2843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092843
Sayeed, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Ehsanul, M., Chowdhury, H., & Haque, M. (2012). In vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. fruits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1, 94–98.
Selamoglu, Z. (2018). Aloe vera: A miracle plant with its wide-ranging applications. Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2018.06.00144
Shimanovskii, N. L. (2020). The role of phytoengineering in the preparation and production of herbal medicines. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 53(10), 961–963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-020-02105-1
Siasos, G., Tousoulis, D., Tsigkou, V., Kokkou, E., Oikonomou, E., Vavuranakis, M., Basdra, E. K., Papavassiliou, A. G., & Stefanadis, C. (2013). Flavonoids in atherosclerosis: An overview of their mechanisms of action. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 20(21), 2641–2660. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867311320210003
Stanley, M. C., Ifeanyi, O. E., & Eziokwu, O. G. (2014). Antimicrobial effects of Aloe vera on some human pathogens. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 1022–1028.
Stohs, S. J., & Hartman, M. J. (2015). Review of the safety and efficacy of Moringa oleifera. Phytotherapy Research, 29(6), 796–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5325
Sudha, P., Asdaq, S. M., Dhamingi, S. S., & Chandrakala, G. K. (2010). Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in animals. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 54(2), 133–140.
Thamlikitkul, V., Bunyapraphatsara, N., Riewpaiboon, W., Theerapong, S., Chantrakul, C., Thanaveerasuwan, T., Nimitnon, S., Wongkonkatape, S., Riewpaiboon, A., & Tenambergen, E. D. (2017). Clinical trial of Aloe vera Linn. for treatment of minor burns. Siriraj Medical Journal, 43(4).
Thilza, I. B., Sanni, S., Isah, Z. A., Sanni, F. S., Talle, M., & Joseph, M. B. (2010). In vitro antimicrobial activity of water extract of Moringa oleifera leaf stalk on bacteria normally implicated in eye diseases. Academia Arena, 2(6), 80–82.
Toma, A., Makonnen, E., Debella, A., & Tesfaye, B. (2012). Antihyperglycemic effect on chronic administration of butanol fraction of ethanol extract of Moringa stenopetala leaves in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(10), S1606–S1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60461-4
Vinoth, B., Manivasagaperumal, R., & Balamurugan, S. (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. International Journal of Research in Biological Sciences, 2(3), 98–102.
Wang, L., Chen, X., & Wu, A. (2016). Mini review on antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (Los Angeles), 6, 578–582. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0444.1000402
Wei, X. C., Cao, B., Luo, C. H., Huang, H. Z., Tan, P., Xu, X. R., Xu, R. C., Yang, M., Zhang, Y., Han, L., & Zhang, D. K. (2020). Recent advances of novel technologies for quality consistency assessment of natural herbal medicines and preparations. Chinese Medicine, 15(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-00335-9
Yebpella, G. G., Adeyemi, H. M. M., Hammuel, C., Magomya, A. M., Agbaji, A. S., & Okonkwo, E. M. (2011). African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(10), 1182–1187. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR10.818
Zaku, S. G., Emmanuel, S., Tukur, A. A., & Kabir, A. (2015). Moringa oleifera: An underutilized tree in Nigeria with amazing versatility: A review. African Journal of Food Science, 9(9), 456–461. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2015.1346
Zofou, D., Kuete, V., & Titanji, V. P. (2013). Antimalarial and other antiprotozoal products from African medicinal plants. In Medicinal plant research in Africa (pp. 661–709). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405927-6.00017-5
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mbahi Mary Asugu, Suwaiba Muhammad Ladan, Adoyi Paul Michael, Tyohemba Terhide Samuel, Vawanje Kwaya Bitrus
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
