Proximate Compositions and Bacterial Quality Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Vegetable Salads Hawked in Kaduna Metropolis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.25103.044Keywords:
vegetable salads, Aerobic bacterial count, proximateAbstract
Study’s Excerpt:
- Foodborne outbreaks linked to vegetables pose major public health risks in Nigeria.
- A total of 240 ready-to-eat salad samples were purchased from hawkers in Kaduna.
- Proximate composition and bacterial loads were determined using standard methods.
- Bacterial counts ranged from 0.61±1.29 to 7.56±2.88 CFU/g across the samples.
- Escherichia coli (12.92%) and Salmonella sp. (2.08%) were the key pathogens detected.
Full Abstract:
Foodborne outbreaks caused by the consumption of contaminated vegetables represent a major public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Assessment of bacteriological quality is necessary in ensuring circulation of uncontaminated products. Randomly total of 240 samples of ready-to-eat vegetable salads were purchased from hawkers in four major areas in Kaduna metropolis. The proximate composition of the salad samples were determined using standard protocols. Pour plate method was used to isolate bacteria from the vegetable samples. The results obtained showed variations in the percentage proximate compositions of the vegetables analyzed. The total aerobic bacterial counts ranged from 0.61±1.29 to 7.56±2.88CFU/g.The bacteria isolated and identified were Escherichia coli (12.92%) and Salmonella sp. (2.08%). The presence of these bacteria isolates, which are capable of causing foodborne diseases associated with the consumption of contaminated vegetables, raises more concern over public health risk. Proper washing, handling and serving of the ready-to-eat vegetable salads will reduce the risk of foodborne diseases associated with bacteria.
Downloads
References
Adeniyi, S. A., Ehiagbonare, J. E., & Nwangwu, S. C. O. (2012). Nutritional evaluation of some staple leafy vegetables in Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Food Science, 2(2), 37–43.
Adeyeye, A., Ayodele, O. D., & Akinnuoye, G. A. (2018). Evaluation of the nutritional composition of some less common edible leafy vegetables in Nigeria. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 5(1), 26–31.
Ajiboye, B. O., Muhammad, N. O., & Ojo, O. A. (2016). Effect of rana galamensis-based diet on the activities of some enzymes and histopathology of selected tissues of albino rats. Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 10(1), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.5219/642
Balogun, I. O., & Olatidoye, O. P. (2012). Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of velvet beans seeds for domestic consumption and industrial utilization in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11(2), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2012.116.122
Bukar, A., Uba, A., & Oyeyi, T. I. (2016). Occurrence of some enteropathogenic bacteria in some minimally and fully processed ready-to-eat food in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science, 4(2), 32–36.
Cheesbrough, M. (2022). District laboratory practice in tropical African countries (Part 2). Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
Chikodili, G., Anaukwu, G., Onyinyechukwu, U., Ikechukwu, A. E., Onyedika, C. O., & Kingsley, C. A. (2015). Preliminary study of bacterial isolates from indigenous ready-to-eat salad vegetables. American Journal of Life Science, 3(4), 282–286.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2022). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (CLSI document M100-S22, 22nd ed.).
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Elexson, N., Nik Yuhanis, F. N., Malcolm, T. T. H., New, C. Y., Chang, W. S., Ubong, A., Kuan, C. H., Loo, Y. Y., Thung, T. Y., & Son, R. (2017). Occurrence of Escherichia coli harboring stx genes in popiah, a Malaysian street food. Food Research, 1(1), 29–32. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.1.008
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2018). Microbiological hazards in fresh leafy vegetables and herbs (Microbiological Risk Assessment Series No. 14).
Gbonjubola, O. A., Samuel, D. J., & Victor, E. A. (2012). Antibacterial susceptibility pattern of pathogenic bacteria isolates from vegetable salad sold in restaurants in Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Microbiology Research, 2(2), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.microbiology.20120202.02
Gimba, A. S., & Madueke, S. N. (2014). Bacteriological and parasitological assessment of fresh vegetables and fruits sold in two major markets in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. American Journal of Nutrition and Food Science, 1(2), 32–37.
Gimba, A. S., & Madueke, S. N. (2015). Bacteriological and parasitological assessment of fresh vegetables and fruits sold in two major markets in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. American Journal of Nutrition and Food Science, 1(2), 32–37.
Najib, M. A., Mustaffa, K. M. F., Ong, E. B. B., Selvam, K., Khalid, M. F., Awang, M. S., Zambry, N. S., Manaf, A. A., Bustami, Y., & Hamzah, H. H. (2021). Performance of immunodiagnostic tests for typhoid fever: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens, 10(9), 1184. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091184
New, C. Y., Wong, C. Y., Usha, M., Ubong, A., Nakaguchi, Y., Nishibuchi, M., & Son, R. (2019). Level of Campylobacter jejuni from naturally contaminated chicken liver and chicken legs in various tasks: A cross-contamination study. Food Research, 1(2), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.2.010
Slater, S. L., Sågfors, A. G., Pollard, D. J., Ruano-Gallego, D., & Frankel, G. (2018). The type III secretion system of pathogenic Escherichia coli. In A versatile pathogen (pp. 51–72). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2018_116
Srinivasan, M., Sindhu, K. N., Kumar, J. S., Ramasamy, R. K., Pragasam, A. K., Aasaithampi, P., Mohan, V. R., Kang, G., & John, J. (2022). Outbreak of typhoid fever in children of urban Vellore: A report from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India cohort. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 107(1), 82–85. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0593
Udo, S., Andy, I., Umo, A., & Ekpo, M. (2022). Potential human pathogens (bacteria) and their antibiogram in ready-to-eat salads sold in Calabar, South-South, Nigeria. The International Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5(2).
Yang, X., Wu, Q., Huang, J., Wu, S., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Wei, X., Ye, Y., Yu, L., Wang, J., Lei, T., Xue, L., Pang, R., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from raw vegetables in China. Food Control, 109, 106915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106915
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Surayya Shuraihu Ladan, Joseph Wartu Ruben, Fatima Musa Muhammad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
