Co-Infection Status of Enterovirus among Hepatitis (A, B, and C) Positive Individual Living within Abuja Internally Displaced Persons Camps
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2271.001Keywords:
Co-infection, Enterovirus, Hepatitis, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)Abstract
The Enterovirus (EV-71) co-infection among Hepatitis A, B and C virus has become a global co-mortality. This research determined enteroviruses (EV-71) co-infection profile among HAV, HBV and HCV positive individuals within internally displaced persons camps Abuja, Nigeria. A descriptive cross sectional research design was adopted where blood samples from 450 respondents were collected within the three camps and screened for the presence of Hepatitis A, B and C. Positive samples were further assayed for co-infection with Enterovirus-71 using Rapid Strip RT-PCR Amplification of 16sRNA for Enterovirus 71(EV71). The data were analyzed using the SPSS Version 22.1 Software. The results revealed that out of the 450 studied subjects 11 (2.4%) were HAV positive, 42 (9.3%) were HBV positive and 33 (7.3%) were HCV positive. Only 1 (0.2%) subject was found to be co-infected with HAV/EV-71. The prevalence of hepatitis among the studied subjects was found to differ significantly among males and females (P=0.001), among various age groups (P=0.001) and among various occupation (P=0.001). The study reports low rate of Enterovirus-71 among hepatitis (A, B, and C) positive individuals living within Abuja internally displaced persons camps. The study recommends routine screening of internally displaced individuals for the presence of hepatitis virus and EV-71 for early diagnosis and possible adoption of management and control measures that may include vaccination of infected individuals.
Downloads
References
Benhamou, Y. (2018). Antiretroviral Therapy and HIV/Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection. Journal of Clinical Infectious Disease, 2: S98-S103.
https://doi.org/10.1086/381451
Boman. J., Nilsson B. and Juto, P. (2019). Serum IgA, IgG, and IgM Responses to different Enteroviruses as Measured by a Coxsackie B5-based Indirect ELISA. Journal of Medical Virology, 38: 32-35.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890380108
Chan, D. and Hammond, G. W. (2012). Comparison of Serodiagnosis of Group B Coxsackie Virus Infections by an Immunoglobulin M capture Enzyme Immunoassay Versus Microneutralization. Journal of Clinical Microbiology,21: 830-834.
https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.21.5.830-834.1985
Chia, J. K. and Chia, A.Y. (2008). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is Associated with Chronic Enterovirus Infection of the Stomach. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 61 (1): 43-8.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2007.050054
Chung, R. T. (2006). Hepatitis C and B Viruses: the New Opportunists in HIV Infection. Top HIV Med. 14: 78-83.
Doitsh, G. G., Nicole, L. K., Geng, X., Yang, Z., Monroe, K. M., Zepeda, O., Hunt, P. W., Hatano, H., Sowinski, S., Muñoz-Arias, I. and Greene, W. C. (2014). Cell Death by Pyroptosis Drives CD4 T-cell Depletion in HIV-1 Infection. Nature. 505 (7484): 509-514.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12940
Franco, E., Bagnato, B., Marino, M. G., Meleleo, C., Serino, L. and Zaratti, L. (2012).Hepatitis B: Epidemiology and Prevention in Developing Countries. World Journal of Hepatology 4 (3): 74-80.
https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.74
Garcia, J., Espejo, V., Nelson, M., Sovero, M., Villaran, M. V., Gomez, J., Barrantes, M., Sanchez, F., Comach, G., Arango, A. E., Aguayo, N., de Rivera, I. L., Chicaiza, W., Jimenez, M., Aleman, W., Rodriguez, F., Gonzales, M. S., Kochel, T. J. and Halsey, E. S. (2018). Human Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses in Influenza-like Illness in Latin America. Virology Journal.10: 305.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-305
Garg, H., Mohl, J. and Joshi, A. (2012). HIV-1 Induced by Stander Apoptosis. Viruses. Journal of Clinical Infectious Disease. 4 (11): 3020-43.
https://doi.org/10.3390/v4113020
Grabow, L. D,, Hu, S. X. and Zhang, H. (2019). Correlation Analysis of EV71 Detection and Case Sever¬ity in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in the Hunan Province of China. PLoS ONE; 9: e100003.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100003
Huang, H. I., Weng, K. F. and Shih, S. R. (2017). Viral and Host Factors that Contribute to Pathogenicity of Enterovirus 71. Future Microbiology, 22(7): 467-479
https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.22
Huang, H.I., Weng, K.F. and Shih, S.R. (2021). Viral and Host factors that Contribute to Pathogenicity of nterovirus 71. Future Microibiology. (7), 467-479.
https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.22
Hussain, T., Kulshreshtha, K. K., Sinha, S., Yadav, V. S., Katoch, V. M. (2012). HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis Co-infections among Patients Attending the STD Clinics of District Hospitals in Northern India. International Journal of Infectious Disease, 10: 358-363.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.005
Mohammed, Y. and Bekele, A. (2014). Seroprevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infection among Blood Donors at Jijiga Blood Bank, Eastern Ethiopia: Retrospective 4 Years Study. Biomedical Resource Notes. 9: 129-149.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-1925-6
Nielsen, A. C., Bottiger, B. and Midgley, S. E. (2020). A Novel Enterovirus and Parechovirus Multiplex one-Step Real-Time PCR-Validation and Clinical Experience. Journal of Virological Methods, 193: 359-363
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.06.038
Njouon, Y., Tejiokem, C. Y., Yeh, C. C., and Huang, L. M. (2019). Incidence and Case-Fatality Rates Resulting from the 1998 Enterovirus 71 Outbreak in Taiwan. Journal of Medical Virology, 67(2): 217-223.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.2210
Noah, T., Rose, B. and Zhang, K. (2016). Evaluation of a Rapid and Completely Automated Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Diagnosis of Enteroviral Meningitis. Resource Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49: 528-533.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01570-10
Nolte, F. S., Rogers, B. B. and Tang, Y. W. (2017). Evaluation of a Rapid and Completely Automated Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Diagnosis of Enteroviral Meningitis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49: 528-533.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01570-10
Oti,.M., Huang, K. J., Wang, J.R., and Liu, C. C. (2018). Pathogenesis of Enterovirus 71 Brainstem Encephalitis in Pediatric Patients: The Roles of Cytokines and Cellular Immune Activation in Patients with Pulmonary Edema. Journal of Infectious Disease, 188: 564-570.
https://doi.org/10.1086/376998
Poritz, M. A. Blaschke, A. J. and Byington, C. L. (2011). Film Array, an Automated Nested Multiplex PCR System for Multi-Pathogen Detection: Development and Application to Respiratory Tract Infection. PloS One 6: e26047.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026047
Renaud, C., Kuypers, J. and Ficken, E. (2011). Introduction of a Novel Parechovirus RT-PCR Clinical Test in a Regional Medical Center. Journal of Clinical Virology 51: 50-53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2011.02.010
Sambrook, M. and Leblebicioglu, H. (2009). Distribution of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B in Turkey. World Journal Gastroenterol, 11:1976-1980.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i13.1976
Singh, S. Chow, V. T. K., Chan, K. P., Ling, A. E. and Poh, C. L. (2010). RT-PCR, Nucleotide, Amino Acid and Phylogenic Analyses of EV71 Starins from Asia. Journal Virology Methods; 88: 193-204
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(00)00185-3
Tu, S. and Dusheiko, G. (2007). Is There any Value to Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Analysis. Current Gastroenterol Report, 14: 37-46.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-011-0233-5
Singh, S. Chow, V. T. K., Chan, K. P., Ling, A. E. and Poh, C. L. (2010). RT-PCR, Nucleotide, Amino Acid and Phylogenic Analyses of EV71 Starins from Asia. Journal Virology Methods; 88: 193-204
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(00)00185-3
USAIDS, (2017). Increased Mortality and AIDS-like Immunopathology in Wild Chimpanzees Infected with SIVcpz. Nature. 460 (7254): 515-519.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08200
Voges, L. B. and Gillespier, H. (2010). Natural History of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease in Southern India. Clinical Infectious Disease, 36:79-85.
https://doi.org/10.1086/344756
WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, 2016-2021"
Yang, C., Liang, C., Jiang, S., Chen, K., Yang, C. and Cheng, M. (2019.) A Novel Murine Model 9 Expressing a Chimeric mSCARB2/hSCARB2 Receptor is Highly Susceptible to Oral 10 Infection with Clinical Isolates of EV71. Journal of Virology Mar, JVI.00183-11 19; DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00183-19
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00183-19
Yonnes, W., Liu, C. F. and Yan, L. (2014). Distribution of Entero¬viruses in Hospitalized Children with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease and Relationship between Pathogens and Nervous System Complications. Virology Journal, 9: 8.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.