Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Occurrence of Resistance genes among Salmonella arizonae isolated from Chicken Meat samples in Sokoto Metropolis, Sokoto State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1722.010Keywords:
Salmonella arizonae, antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes, Sokoto metropolis Sokoto State, NigeriaAbstract
This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and occurrence of resistance genes among Salmonella Arizonae isolated from chicken meat samples collected in Sokoto metropolis, Sokoto State Nigeria. A total of 400 Chicken’s Meat samples (breast muscle) were collected and examined for the presence of Salmonella organisms. The isolated Salmonella Arizonae were then tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using disc diffusion technique and antimicrobial resistant isolates were then examined for the presence of ampicillin resistance gene blaTEM, chloramphenicol resistance gene floR and tetracycline resistance gene tetA by PCR. Salmonella aizonae were isolated in only 4.5% (18 / 400) of the samples examined. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolates showed susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (94.4%), nalidixic acd (94.4%), oflxacin (77.8%), augmentin (72.2%) and cotrimoxazole (66.7%). However, the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (88.9%), ampicillin (72.2%) and chloramphenicol (66.6%). Only 8 of these isolates were resistant to one or more of the antimicrobial agents tested. Resistance gene analysis of the resistant isolates shows the presence of ampicillin resistance gene, blaTEM in 75% (6 / 8) of the tested isolates. Presence of chloramphenicol resistance gene, floR was also detected in 37.5% (3 / 8) of the isolates. Presence of multiple resistance genes was also detected in the isolates. A combination of two different resistance genes was detected in 62.5% (5 / 8) of the isolates and presence of all the three resistance genes (blaTEM, tetA and floR) was detected in one of the isolates. Antibiotics have been used widely in poultry to treat, prevent infections and also in feeds to promote growth. Such practice has improved poultry performance effectively and economically but has resulted in the increase in the spread of resistant bacterial strains. In our study, a high resistance profile of 88.9% to tetracycline, a popularly use drug in poultry industry and the presence of multiple resistance genes in 62.5% of the isolates was also observed. There is therefore the need for more rational use of antibiotics in animal production and more prudent use in humans.
Downloads
References
Abdullahi, M., Olonitola, S.O., Umoh, V. J. and Inabo, I.H. (2015). Antibacterial Resistance Profile and PCR Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Salmonella serovars Isolated from Blood Samples of Hospitalized Subjects in Kano, North-West, Nigeria. British Microbiology Research Journal 5(3):245-256
https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2015/9711
Agada, G.O.A., Abdullahi, I.O., Mukhtar, M.A., Odugbo, M., Chollom, S.C., Kumbish, P.R. and Okwori, A.E. (2014) Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Salmonella isolates from commercial poultry and poultry farm- handlers in Jos, Plateau state Nigeria: British Microbiology Research Journal, 4(4)
https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2014/5872
Akinyemi, K. O., Olukoye, D.K., Oyefolu, A.O., Amoroghoye, E.P, and Omonigbekin, E.O. (2002) Prevalence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi among clinically diagnosed typhoid fever patients in Lagos, Nigeria. Naturforsch. 55: 489 - 493
https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-5-630
Al-Mustafa, Z.H. and Al-Ghamdi, M.S. (2000) Use of norfloxacin in poultry production in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia and its possible impact on public health, International Journal of Environmental Health Research., 10(4):291-299.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0960312002001483
Asma, H., Abdul H., Yasra, S., Aamir, A., Saira, B., Ayesha, T. and Mushkoor, M. (2005) Identification of Drug resistance genes in clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi for development of diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Pakistan Journal of Medical Science, 21(4):402- 407.
Bennasar, A., Le luna, G., Gabrer, B. and Lalucat, J. (2003) Rapid identification of Salmonella typhimirium, Salmonella enteridis and Salmonella vichor isolates by polymerase chain reaction bases finger printing methods. International journal of Microbiology, 7(2):31 - 38
Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) formerly NCCLS (2006) Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard sevent edition (M7- A7) Vol 26, No 2
Das, A., Hari, S.S., Shalini, U., Ganeshkumar, A. and Karthikeyan, M. (2012) Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolated from Typhoidal humans. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 8(3):148-155
https://doi.org/10.21161/mjm.04112
David, A. and Ban, M.A. (2001) Campylobacter jejuni Infections: update on Emerging Issues and Trends Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32(8):1201-1206
https://doi.org/10.1086/319760
Elmer, W.K., Stephen, D.A., William, M.J. and Paul, C.S. (1992) Diagnostic Microbiology 4th Edited by J.B. Lippincott company, pp: 122-231 Erol, I. Goncuoglu, M., Ayaz, N.D., Ellerbroek, L., Ormanci, F.S. and Kangal, O.I. (2013) serotype distribution of Salmonella isolates from Turkey ground meat and meat parts. Biomedical Research International 2013:1-5
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/281591
Fonseca, E.L., Mykytczuk, O.L., Asensi, M.D., Reis, E.M.F., Ferraz, L.R., Paula, F.L., Ng, L.K. and Rodrıgues, D.P.( 2006). Clonality and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar infantis isolates from four public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44:2767-2772.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01916-05
Frech, G. and Schwarz, S. (2000). Molecular analysis of tetracycline resistance in Salmonella subsp. Enteric serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Dublin, Choleraesuis, Hadar and Saintpaul: construction and application of specific gene probes. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 89:633-641.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01160.x
Glaser, C.A., Angulo, F.J. and Rooney, J.A. (1994) Animal associated opportunistic infection among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18:14-24
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.1.14
Gordana, M., Bogdanka, A., Dragica, T., Milena, L. and Brankca, D. (2012) Antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella species A comparison of two surveys with 5 years interval Journal of IMAB- Annual proceeding (Scientific papers), 18(1):243-268
https://doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2012181.216
Gordon, M.A. (2012).Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis Current opinion in infectious Disease, 24(5):484-489.
https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834a9980
Halawani, E. and Shohayeb, M. (2008) Molecular characterization of multiple antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Enteritidis isolated in Saudi Arabia World Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(2):65-70
Hayashi, S. and Yamazaki, H. (1996) Rapid and simple method of detecting Salmonella in chicken feaces using polymyxincloth enzyme immuno- assay Journal of Food Microbiology, 13:103 - 107
https://doi.org/10.1006/fmic.1996.0013
Huque A, Ahmed I. and Qurcsbi H. (2001) Early detection of typhoid by polymerase chain reaction. Annual Saudi Medicine, 19:337- 340.
https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.1999.337
Internation Organization of Standardization (ISO) 6573 (2002) Microbiology general guidelines on methods for the detection of salmonella Internation organization of standardization, Geneva, Switzerland;
Ivonoff, B. Typhoid fever (1995) Global situation and WHO recommendations South East Asia Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 26(Suppl-2); 1-6.
Jones, P. W. (1992) Salmonella in animal wastes and hazards for other animals and human from handling animal wastes. International symposium on Salmonella and Salmonellosis Ploufragan France, pp 280 - 284
Kariuki, S. (2008) Typhoid fever in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges of diagnosis and management of infections. Journal of Infections in the developing countries 1; 2(6): 443-447
https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.159
Lee, H.J., Lee, M.H., and Ruy, P.D. (2001) Public health risks: chemical and antibiotic residues. Asian-Aust. Journal of Animal Science, 14: 402-413
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.402
Lin-Hui S, Cheng-Hsun, C, Chishih, C. and Jonathan, T. O.(2004) Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoid Salmonella Serotypes: A Global Challenge. Clinical Infectious Diseases 39:546-551.
https://doi.org/10.1086/422726
Liu, Z., Niu, H., Wu, S. and Huang, R. (2014) CsgD regulatory networking a bacterial trait- altering biofilm formation. Emerging Microbes and infections 3:e 1
https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2014.1
Meervene E.V., Coillie, E.V., Kerchlof, F.M., Devleghene, F., Herman, L., De- Gelder, L.S.P., Top, E.M. and Boon, N. (2012)
Strain specific transfer of antibiotic resistance from environmental plasmid to foodborn pathogens. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Article ID 834598, pp 1-8
Mubito, E.P., Francis, S., Martin, E.K. and Joram, J.B. (2014). Antimicrobial use in poultry industry in Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania and public health implication American Journal of Research communication, 2(4): 51-63
Murugkar, H.V., Rahman, I.I. and Dutta, P.K. (2003) Distribution of virulence genes in Salmonella serovars isolated from man and animals. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 117:66-70
Obaro, S.K., Hassan-Hanga, F., Olategu, E.K., Umoru, D., Lawson, L., Olanipekun, G., Ibrahim, S., Munir, H., Ihesiolor, G., Maduekwe, A., Ohiaeri, C., Adetola, A., Shetima, D., Jibir, B.W., Nakaura, H., Kocmich, N., Ajose, T., Idiong, D., Masokano, K., Ifabiyi, A., Ihebuzor, N., Chen, B., Meza, J., Akindele, A., Rezac- Elgohary, A., Olaosebikan, R., Suwaid, S., Gambo, M., Alter, R., Davies, H.D and Fey,
P.D. (2015) Salmonella bacteremia among children in central and North-western Nigeria, 2008-2015. Clinical infectious Diseases, 61(54):5325-5331
Rakesh K.G., Sadar A., Heena S. and Vinod K.M. (2014) PCR-RFLP Differentiation of Multidrug Resistant Proteus sp. Strains from Raw Beef Current Research in Microbiology and Biotechnology 2 (4): 426-430
Randall, L.P., Cooles, S.W., Osborn, M.K., Piddock,L.J.V. and Woodward, M.J. (2004) Antibiotic resistance genes, integrons and multiple antibiotic resistances in thirty- five serotypes of Salmonella enterica isolated from humans and animals in the UK. Journal Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy, 53:208-216.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh070
Smith, S. T.; Akinye, K. O.; Oyefolu, A. O. and Coker, A.O (2005): Multi-drug resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype typhi isolated from patients with typhoid fever complications in Lagos, Nigeria.Journal of Public health, 119:321- 327
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2004.04.009
Sood, S., Kapil, A., Das, B., Jan, Y. and Kabra, S.K. (1999) Re-emergence of chloramphenicol sensitive Salmonella typhi Lancet, 353:1241-1242
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00637-6
Toro, M., Yolanda, S., Cercenado, E., Beatriz, R B., Marta, G.C., Undabeitia, E. and Carmen, T. (2011). Genetic characterization of the mechanisms of resistance to amoxicillin/clavunate and third- generation cephalosporins in Salmonella enterica from the Spanish hospitals Research article Internation Microbiology, 14: 173-181
Usui, M., Ozawa, S. and Tamaru, Y. (2014). Antimicrobial Susceptibility of indicator bacteria isolated from Chickens in SouthEast Asian countries (Vietnam, Indonisia and Thailand). The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 6(5):685-692
https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.13-0423
Uttah, E.C., Osim, S.E., Ettah, H., Ogban, E., Etim, N. and Okon, E. (2013) Four year longitudinal assessment of the prevalence of typhoid fever among those attending the General Hospital Etinan, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research Publications, 3(7):1
Vandepitte, J., Engbaek, K., Pilot, P. and Heuck, C.C. (1991) Basic Procedures In Clinical Bacteriology World Health Organization, Geneva p 92
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.