Phytochemical Constituents and GC-MS Profiling of the Whole Plant Ethanol Extract of Thesium viride Hill and its Oral Toxicity in Balb/C Mouse Model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2381.003Keywords:
Acute toxicity, Balb/c mice;, GC-MS profiling;, Phytochemical screening;, Thesium virideAbstract
Thesium viride Hill, a member of the Santalaceae family, treats several ailments. However, few pharmacological investigations have been done to ascertain its folklore usage. The present study evaluated the presence of phytochemical constituents and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy profiling of the whole plant extract of Thesium viride and its oral toxicity in the Balb/c mouse model. The whole plant-dried sample was collected from Zaria local government, Kaduna State, Nigeria, and 400 grams of the pulverised plant was extracted by the Soxhlet method using different solvents. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analyses of the whole plant ethanol extract were done according to standard procedures. Acute oral toxicity studies of the extracts were carried out on BALB/c mice weighing 17-23g following recommendations from the OECD. The phytochemical analysis of Thesium viride whole plant extracts showed the presence of cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, and alkaloids. In addition, the GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract of Thesium viride revealed the presence of thirty-four bioactive compounds, the major ones being Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z), and Diethyl Phthalate with peak areas (concentrations) of 34.44%, 29.75%, 4.18%, 3.60%, 2.62%, and 2.01% respectively. The median lethal dose (LD50) for acute toxicity studies of different fractions of Thesium viride on Balb/c mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg. The study concludes that the whole plant extract of Thesium viride is rich in phytoconstituents with pharmacological prospects. The extract is practically non-toxic and safe when administered orally in mice.
Downloads
References
Adamu, U., Yusha, M., Salisu, B., & Hussain, A. M. (2022). Phytochemical screening , antibacterial potentials and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis ( GC-MS ) of Citrus sinensis leaves extracts. Microbes and Infectious Diseases, 3(1), 192–198.https://doi.org/10.21608/MID.2020.32010.1019
Ayawa, N. G., Ramon-Yusuf, S.B., Wada Y.A., Oniye, S.J., Shehu, D.M. (2021). Toxicity study and anti-trypanosomal activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of Brillantaisia owariensis on Trypanosoma brucei induced infection in BALB/c mice. Clinical Phytoscience, 7(39):1-11.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-021-00267-3
Belakhdar, G., Benjouad A., Kessabi, M. and Abdennebi, E.H. (2014). Identification of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid 1-hydroxymethylpyrrolizidine from Thesium humileVahl. Journal of Material and Environmental Science, 5 (3) 811-814.
Bosch, C. H. (2008) Thesium viride A. W Hill. In: Schmelzer, G. H and Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, 11 (1): Medicinal Plants 1. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Harborne J. B. (1973). Phytochemical methods. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 52-114.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5921-7_2
Hill, A. W. (1915). The genus Thesium in South Africa, with a key and descriptions of new species. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew, 1: 1-43.https://doi.org/10.2307/4115447
Iwu, M. M. (2014). Handbook of African Medicinal Plants, Second Edition.CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. Pp. 97.https://doi.org/10.1201/b16292
Kamaruding, N. A., Ismail, N., and Sokry, N. (2020). Identification of antibacterial activity with bioactive compounds from selected marine sponges. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(3), 493-502. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.76https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.76
Kumari, N., Menghani, E., and Mithal, R. (2020). GCMS analysis & assessment of antimicrobial potential of rhizospheric Actinomycetes of AIA3 isolate. In Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, (Vol. 19, Issue 1).https://doi.org/10.56042/ijtk.v19i1.30849
Loomis TA, Hayes AW. Loomis's essentials of toxicology. 4. California: Academic press; 1996. pp. 208-245.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012455625-6/50014-3
Mohammed, A. H., Na ’inna, S. Z., Yusha ’u, M., Salisu, B., Adamu, U., & Kabir, Z. M. (2017). Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity and GC-MS Analysis of Psidium Guajava Extracts. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 10(1), 163–169.http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v10i1.23
Moore, T. E, Verboom, G. A and Forest, F. (2010). Phylogenetics and biogeography of the parasitic genus Thesium L. (Santalaceae), with an emphasis on the Cape of South Africa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 435-452.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01032.x
OECD (2002). Guidelines for Testing Chemicals/Section 4: Health Effects Test No. 423: Acute oral toxicity- acute toxic class method. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Oluyemi, W. M., Samuel, B. B., Kaehlig, H., Zehl, M., Parapini, S., D'Alessandro, S., Taramelli, D., and Krenn, L. (2020). Antiplasmodial activity of triterpenes isolated from the methanolic leaf extract of Combretum racemosum P. Beauv. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 247, 112203.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112203
Polhill, R. M., (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom, Pp 27.
Shehu, S., Abdurahman, E. M., Danmalam, U. H., Mohammed, A., Shehu, S., and Iliyasu, U. (2022). Effects of Thesium viride Extract and Fractions on Some Liver Biochemical Parameters in CCl4-Induced Damage in Wistar Rats. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 6(6), 1004-1009. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i6.30
Salisu, Dandashire, B., Magashi, A. M., Abdulkadir, B., Abbas, M. A., Dauda Goni, M., & Yakubu, A. (2019). Toxicological studies and bioactivity-guided identification of antimicrobially active compounds from crude aqueous stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research Research, 6(2), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2019.f330
Salisu, B. D., Magaji, A. M., & Abdulkadir, B. (2017). Phytochemical Determination and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Ethanolic Extract of Stem Bark of Boswellia dalzielii. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 6(12), 1484–1492.https://doi.org/10.21275/ART20178999
Salisu, B. D., & Shema, M. (2019). Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Stem Extract of Aloe vera on Some Common Pathogenic Bacteria. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 4(2), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1942.009
Shehu, S., Abubakar, M., Ibrahim, G., and Iliyasu, U. (2016). Phytochemical and Antibacterial Studies on Aqueous Ethanol Extract of Thesium viride (Santalaceae). British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(2), 1-6.https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2016/23046
Shehu, S., Ibrahim, G., Iliyasu, U., Shehu, S., Nuhu, A., and Abubakar, M. S. (2017). Evaluation of antiulcer activity of aqueous ethanol extract of Thesium viride on ethanol and aspirin induced models in rats. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 9(2), 82.https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v9i2.16
Trease, G. E and Evans, W.C. (1989). Pharmacognosy13th Edition. London: Bailliere Tindall.
Ungogo, M. A., Ebiloma, G. U., Ichoron, N., Igoli, J. O., de Koning, H. P., and Balogun, E. O. (2020). A Review of the Antimalarial, Anti-trypanosomal, and Antileishmanial Activities of Natural Compounds Isolated From Nigerian Flora. In Frontiers in Chemistry (Vol. 8). Frontiers Media S. A.https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.617448
Yun, H. S., Dinzouna-Boutamba, S. D., Lee, S., Moon, Z., Kwak, D., Rhee, M. H., Chung, D. il, Hong, Y., & Goo, Y. K. (2021). Antimalarial effect of the total glycosides of the medicinal plant, Ranunculus japonicus. Pathogens, 10(5).532.https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050532
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
