Determination of Bacterial Species Associated with Contamination of Poultry Feeds Produced by Three Different Companies in Abuja, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2491.011Keywords:
Poultry feeds, contamination, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, SusceptibilityAbstract
Poultry farming is an efficient source of income and nutrition. Feeds used for poultry are vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms. This study aimed to assess bacterial contaminants of the poultry produced from three different companies in Abuja, Nigeria. Samples of poultry feeds produced by three different companies were collected from three different batches and were processed and inoculated in nutrient agar, Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB), and Mannitol salt agar (MSA), incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Colonies were counted, characterized, and subcultured to obtain pure cultures. Pure isolates were identified using Gram reaction, cellular morphology, and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolated bacterial species were determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion. The total bacterial counts of samples analyzed showed that poultry feed from sample C had the highest mean bacterial counts of 2.49 x 105CFU/g. The lowest was poultry feed sample A, with a mean count of 1.06 x 105CFU/g. Sample B had a mean bacterial count of 2.14 x 105CFU/g. The bacterial species isolated in the present study are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Proteus mirabilis. Staphylococcus aureus was the most occurring isolate with a 47% occurrence rate and was present in all poultry feed samples. Escherichia coli is the second most occurring with a 35% occurrence rate, then Salmonella with a 10% occurrence rate. The least occurring was Proteus mirabilis, with an 8% occurrence rate. S. aureus showed 100% susceptibility to all the antibiotics used, while P. mirabilis recorded the highest resistance of 40 %, showing resistance to four of the ten antibiotics used. This study reveals the presence and high microbial count in the different poultry feeds investigated. This usually reflects the degree of hygienic procedures and biosecurity used in the feeds' handling, production, and storage.
Downloads
References
Adebayo, T. B. C. and Ettah, A. E. (2010). Microbiological Quality and Aflatoxin B1 Level in Poultry and Livestock Feeds. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology 2010;24(1), 2145-2152.
Aliyu, R. M., Abubakar, M., Yakubu, Y. and Kasarawa, A. B. (2016). Prevalence of Potential Toxigenic Aspergillus species isolated from poultry feeds in Sokoto Metropolis. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 14(i), 39. https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v14i1.7.
Alshelmani, M. I., Abdalla, E. A., Kaka, U. and Basit, M. A. (2021). Nontraditional Feedstuffs as an Alternative in Poultry Feed. Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research. Ed. Alman. K. P. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95946.
Arotupin, D.J., Kayode, R.O., and Awojobi, K.O. (2007). Microbiological and Physicochemical qualities of selected commercial of selected commercial poultry feeds in Akure, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Biological Science, 7(6), 981–984. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2007.981.984
Azelee, N. I. W., Dahiya, D. Ayothiraman, S., Noor, N. M., Rasid, Z. I. A., Ramli, A. N. M., Ravindran, B., Iwuchukwu, F. U. and Selvasembian, R. (2023). Sustainable valorization approaches on crustacean wastes for the extraction of chitin, bioactive compounds and their applications – A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 253(2), 126492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126492
Baker, F.J. and Breach, M. R. (1980). Medical microbiology techniques. 1st ed. Butterworths and Co. (Publishers) limited: London.
Buchanan, R. E. and Gibbons, N. E. (1994). Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. 9th Ed. The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
Cheesbrough, M. (2009). District Laboratory practice in tropical countries (Part2). Cambridge University Press.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2018). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 28th Edition. Clsi.org/standards.
Delgado, J., Alvarez, M., Cebrian, E., Martin, I., Roncero, E. and Rodriguez, M. (2023). Biocontrol of Pathogen Microorganisms in Ripened Foods of Animal Origin. Microorganisms 11(6), 1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061578
Gyang, L., Obiekezie, S. O., Owuna, J. E., Adamu, M. O. and Obiekezie, S. O. (2019). Bacterial Contamination of Poultry Feeds, Molecular Studies and Antibacterial Resistance Profiles of Isolates in Keffi Metropolis, Nigeria. The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 8(11), 19 - 23.
Li, E., Saleem, F., Edge, T. A. and Schellhorn, H. E. (2021). Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review. Processes 9(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9112058
Mahmudullah, B., Rupomanjury, S., Shafqul, I. and Fahmida, B. A. (2015). Prevalence of Microflora and Potentially Toxigenic Fungi in Poultry Feed Mixtures. Annals Food Science and Technology 16(1), 267-273.
Marija, P., Ivan, P., Milan, P., and Snežana, I. (2019). Nutritive and microbial quality of feed for laying hens from the Serbian market in 2018. Veterinarski Glasnik, 73 (1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.2298/VETGL180221009P
Marjan, S., Das, K. K., Munshi, S. K and Noor, R. (2014). Drug-resistant bacterial pathogens in milk and some milk products. Nutrition & Food Science, 44(3), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-05-2013-0061
Matthew, O., Chiamaka, R., and Chidinma, O. (2017). Microbial analysis of poultry feeds produced in Songhai farms, Rivers State, Nigerian Journal of Microbiology and Experimentation 4(2), 11‒12. https://doi.org/10.15406/jmen.2017.04.00110.
Mbegbu, O. D. and Onyemelukwe, N. F. (2023). Molecular Studies of Antibiotics Resistant Bacteria Contaminating Poultry Feeds in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria: The Public Health Implications. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 22 (1), 38 – 44. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2023.38.44
Mikesell, S. (2021). How contaminants enter the poultry feed supply. The Poultry Site. https://www.thepoultrysite.com.
Munoz, L. R., Pacheco, W. J., Hauck, R., and Macklin, K. S. (2021). Evaluation of commercially manufactured animal feeds to determine presence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. Journal of Applied Poultry Resource, 30, 100142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2021.100142
Murugan, G., Ahilan, K., Prakasan, V. P. A., Malreddy, J., Benjakul, S. and Nagarajan, M. (2024). Fish Waste Composition and Classification. Fish Waste to Valuable Products, 1 – 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8593-7_1
Nemser, S. M., Doran, T., Grabenstein, M., McConnell, T., McGrath, T., Pamboukian, R., Smith, A. C., Achen, M., Danzeisen, G., Kim, S., Liu, Y., Robeson, S., Rosario, G., Wilson, K. M. and Reimschuessel, R. (2014). Investigation of Listenia, Salmonella and Toxigenic Escherichia coli in Various Pet Foods. 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2014.1748.
Nigerian Industrial Standard (2018). Standard for Poultry Feeds. Approved by SON Governing Council, @SON 2018.
Opara, C. N. (2018). Bacterial contamination of poultry feed in Delta metropolis in Nigeria. Journal of Food Microbiology and Safe Hygiene, 3, 82.
Roy, C. R., Ahmed, T. and Uddin, A. (2017). Microbiological Analysis of Poultry Feeds Along with the Demonstration of the Antibiotic Susceptibility of the Isolates and the Antibacterial Activity of the Feeds. Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology, 34(2), 103-107. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v34i2.39620
Sanches, M. S., Baptista, A. S., Souza, M., Menck-Costa, F. M., Justino, L., Nishio, E. K., Oba, A., Bracarense, A. P. F. R. L. and Rocha, S. P. D. (2020). Proteus mirabilis causing cellulitis in broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 51, 1353–1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-020-00240-1
Sule, I. O., and Ilori, I. O. (2017). Microbiological Assessment of Poultry Feeds within Ilorin, Nigeria. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 9(1):34-39. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb9110025
Vashist, H., Sharma, D. and Gupta, A. (2013). A review on commonly used biochemical test for bacteria. Journal of Life Sciences 1(1), 1-7.
Wong, J. T., de Bruyn, J., Bagnol, B., Grieve, H., Li, M., Pym, R. and Alders, R. G. (2017). Small- scale Poultry and food security in resource-poor settings: A review. Global Food Security 15, 43 0 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.04.003
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
