Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Roadside Roasted Corn from Selected Areas of Bwari Local Government Area, FCT, Nigeria

Authors

  • Abraham Gana Yisa Department of Biological Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-5418
  • Ahmed Sekinat Oziamo Department of Biological Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria
  • Maureen Nkemdilim Chukwu Department of Biological Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-0004
  • Uduak Irene Aletan Department of Biological Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria
  • Sonnie Joshua Oniye Department of Biological Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria
  • Abiodun Emmanuel Adams Department of Biological Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria
  • Osegbo Adaora Department of Biological Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria
  • Oluremi Aduke Saliu Department of Environmental Health Science, National Open University of Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4526-6131
  • Edogbo Blessing Department of Environmental Health Science, National Open University of Nigeria
  • Omada Stephen Department of Biological Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria
  • Idowu Oluwafemi Ayodeji Department of Environmental Health Science, National Open University of Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-7460
  • Crescentia Ojenikoh Sekegor Department of Biology Education, Delta State College of Education, Mosogar, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2491.009

Keywords:

Risk, Assessment, Heavy Metals, Zea mays (Maize);, Cancer

Abstract

This research examined the presence of lead and cadmium in roasted corn sold by roadside vendors. Five locations (Market Square, Ade Femi Street, Abiola Road, SCC Road, and Primary School) were selected for the research according to the availability of vendors and vehicular activities. Roasted corns were oven-dried at 80°and digested according to standard methods. The concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were determined with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The data generated was analyzed with the R statistical program version 4.3.0. Lead and cadmium concentrations in the roasted corn varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the study locations. The Pb content of the roasted corn varied from 0.08±0.00 mg Kg-1 – to 0.29±0.00 mg kg-1. While Cd was found to be within the range of 0.006±0.00 mg kg-1 – 0.09±0.00 mg kg-1. Lead levels in roasted corn at Market Square were above WHO limits of 0.2 mg kg-1. However, The Cd levels were within the acceptable limit of 0.1 mg kg-1. The strong positive correlation observed between Pb-Cd pairs in the roasted corn was a strong indication of similarity in the origin of the contamination. The potential risk associated with Pb and Cd exposure in roasted corn was determined by the Average Daily Intake of metals (ADI, Health Risk Index (HRI), and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR). The risk assessment indices revealed that HRI was < 1, indicating a non-potential health risk for adults and children. Also, the estimated ILCR for Pb and Cd was within the acceptable limit of 1 x 10-4 – 1x 10-6. This study shows that consumers of roasted corn sold at  Market Square may be at risk of lead toxicity with continuous exposure.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abrar, S., Javed, S., Kiran, S., & Awan, H. (2022). Analysis of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in colored cosmetics marketed in Pakistan. Journal of Public Health Policy, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-021-00324-8

Afonne, O. J., & Ifediba, E. C. (2020). Heavy metals risks in plant foods-need to step up precautionary measures. Current Opinion in Toxicology, 22, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2019.12.006

Afridi, H. I., Bhatti, M., Talpur, F. N., Kazi, T. G., Baig, J. A., Chanihoon, G. Q., & Rahoojo, A. (2022). Cadmium Concentration in Different Brands of Cosmetic and their Effect on the Skin of Female Dermatitis Cosmetic Users. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 44(5). https://doi.org/10.52568/001126/JCSP/44.05.2022

Arise, R.O., Idowu, O.A., Farohunbi, S.T. & Abubakar, F.A. (2015). Levels of Some Metals and Earthworm Phosphatase Activities in the Soil around Odo-Efo River, Ilorin, Kwara State. Centre Point Journal (Science Edition) 21(1): 88-105.

Armienta, M. A., Beltrán, M., Martínez, S., & Labastida, I. (2020). Heavy metal assimilation in maize (Zea mays L.) plants growing near mine tailings. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42, 2361-2375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00424-1

Arshad, H., Mehmood, M. Z., Shah, M. H., & Abbasi, A. M. (2020). Evaluation of heavy metals in cosmetic products and their health risk assessment. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(7), 779-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.05.006

Bello, F., Wada, Y. A., Halilu, F. W., Abolude, D. S., & Abdullahi, S. A. (2022). Roadside roasted plantain and maize in Zaria and environs: nutritional composition and heavy metal evaluation. https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v8i2a.3

Chauhan, G., & Chauhan, U. K. (2014). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated area of Rewa, India. International journal of scientific and research publications, 4(9), 1-9.

Collin, M. S., Venkatraman, S. K., Vijayakumar, N., Kanimozhi, V., Arbaaz, S. M., Stacey, R. G. S., Anusha, J., Choudhary, R., Lvov, V., & Tovar, G. I. (2022). Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 7, 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100094

Dinake, P., Motswetla, O., Kereeditse, T. T., & Kelebemang, R. (2023). Assessment of level of heavy metals in cosmetics. Toxicology Research and Application, 7, 23978473231156620. https://doi.org/10.1177/23978473231156620

El-Hassanin, A. S., Samak, M. R., Abdel-Rahman, G. N., Abu-Sree, Y. H., & Saleh, E. M. (2020). Risk assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium in maize grains cultivated in soils irrigated either with low-quality water or freshwater. Toxicology Reports, 7, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.018

Emergency, U. States. E. P. Agency. O. of, & Response, R. (1989a). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: pt. A. Human health evaluation manual (Vol. 1). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Emergency, U. States. E. P. Agency. O. of, & Response, R. (1989b). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: pt. A. Human health evaluation manual (Vol. 1). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Farrag, K., Elbastamy, E., & Ramadan, A. (2016). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in irrigated agricultural crops, EL‐Saff wastewater canal, Egypt. CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, 44(9), 1174-1183. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201500715

Fatima, G., Raza, A. M., Hadi, N., Nigam, N., & Mahdi, A. A. (2019). Cadmium in human diseases: It's more than just a mere metal. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 34, 371-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-019-00839-8

Fu, Z., & Xi, S. (2020). The effects of heavy metals on human metabolism. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 30(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2019.1701594

Gadzama, I. M. K., Yisa, A. G., & Thliza, I. A. (2014). Heavy metal concentrations in whole soft tissues of Anodonta implicate (class: Bivalvia) from Makera industrial discharge point of Kaduna river, Nigeria. Zoologist (The), 12, 16-22.

Gu, Q., Yu, T., Yang, Z., Ji, J., Hou, Q., Wang, L., Wei, X., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Prediction and risk assessment of five heavy metals in maize and peanut: A case study of Guangxi, China. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 70, 103199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2019.103199

Hocaoğlu-özyiğit, a., & Genç, b. N. (2020). Cadmium in plants, humans and the environment. Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies, 1(1), 12-21.

Hong, N., Guan, Y., Yang, B., Zhong, J., Zhu, P., Ok, Y. S., Hou, D., Tsang, D. C. W., Guan, Y., & Liu, A. (2020). Quantitative source tracking of heavy metals contained in urban road deposited sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 393, 122362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122362

F. A. O. (2011). WHO food standards programme codex committee on contaminants in foods. Fifth Session [Displayed 10 February 2014]. Available at Ftp://Ftp. Fao. Org/Codex/Meetings/CCCF/Cccf5/Cf05_INF. Pdf.

Levin, R., Vieira, C. L. Z., Mordarski, D. C., & Rosenbaum, M. H. (2020). Lead seasonality in humans, animals, and the natural environment. Environmental Research, 180, 108797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108797

Liu, Y.-M., Liu, D.-Y., Zhang, W., Chen, X.-X., Zhao, Q.-Y., Chen, X.-P., & Zou, C.-Q. (2020). Health risk assessment of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, As and Cr) in wheat grain receiving repeated Zn fertilizers. Environmental Pollution, 257, 113581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113581

Miranzadeh Mahabadi, H., Ramroudi, M., Asgharipour, M. R., Rahmani, H. R., & Afyuni, M. (2020). Assessment of heavy metals contamination and the risk of target hazard quotient in some vegetables in Isfahan. Pollution, 6(1), 69-78.

Moghaddam, M., Mehdizadeh, L., & Sharifi, Z. (2020). Macro-and microelement content and health risk assessment of heavy metals in various herbs of Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 12320-12331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07789-2

Nduka, J. K., Umeh, T. C., Kelle, H. I., Mgbemena, M. N., Nnamani, R. A., & Okafor, P. C. (2023). Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in roadside soil, dust and water of three economic zone in Enugu, Nigeria. Urban Climate, 51, 101627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101627

Obasi, P. N., & Akudinobi, B. B. (2020). Potential health risk and levels of heavy metals in water resources of lead-zinc mining communities of Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 10(7), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01233-z

Onipede, O. J., & Rahman, N. T. (2017). Metals in some ready-to-eat foods on some highways of Lagos and Ota South-West Nigeria. J Environ Anal Chem, 4(229), 2380-2391.

Oyelola, O. T., Afolabi, M., Ajiboshin, I., Ofodile, N., & Banjoko, I. (2013). Heavy Metals and Microbial Contents of Roadside Roasted Corn and Plantain. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.842.16

Renu, K., Chakraborty, R., Myakala, H., Koti, R., Famurewa, A. C., Madhyastha, H., Vellingiri, B., George, A., & Gopalakrishnan, A. V. (2021). Molecular mechanism of heavy metals (Lead, Chromium, Arsenic, Mercury, Nickel and Cadmium)-induced hepatotoxicity-A review. Chemosphere, 271, 129735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129735

Sonone, S. S., Jadhav, S., Sankhla, M. S., & Kumar, R. (2020). Water contamination by heavy metals and their toxic effect on aquaculture and human health through food Chain. Lett. Appl. NanoBioScience, 10(2), 2148-2166. https://doi.org/10.33263/LIANBS102.21482166

USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Slope Factors for Carcinogens from USEPA.http://www.popstoolkit.com/tools/HHRA/SF_USEPA.

USEPA, 2015. Risk-based screening table. http:/www2.epa.gov/risk/risk based screening table generic tables.

Wan, Y., Liu, J., Zhuang, Z., Wang, Q., & Li, H. (2024). Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils: Sources, Influencing Factors, and Remediation Strategies. Toxics, 12(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010063

WHO, G. (2005). Informal food distribution sector in Africa (street foods): importance and challenges.

World Health Organisation, 2023. Nigeria data | World Health Organization [WWW Document]. data.who.int. URL https://data.who.int/countries/566

Downloads

Published

29-06-2024

How to Cite

Yisa, A. G., Oziamo, A. S., Chukwu, M. N., Aletan, U. I., Oniye, S. J., Adams, A. E., Adaora, O., Saliu, O. A., Blessing, E., Omada Stephen, Ayodeji, I. O., & Sekegor, C. O. (2024). Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Roadside Roasted Corn from Selected Areas of Bwari Local Government Area, FCT, Nigeria. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 9(1), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2491.009

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024): UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), Volume 9, Number 1, June 2024

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2024 UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.