Survey of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Patients with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease attending some hospitals in Niger State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2381.009Keywords:
Pelvic inflammatory disease,, Urogenital samples,, Urogenital pathogens,, Multidrug resistant Salmonella typhiAbstract
Drug resistance, especially multidrug resistance by microorganisms, particularly bacteria is on the increase and has been considered as a major health challenge worldwide. This study was conducted to isolate multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella typhi associated with patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) attending three General Hospitals in Niger State. A total of 390 samples of endocervical swabs (ECS) and urine samples were collected using sterile swab sticks and sample containers from patients atending General hospital Bida, Suleja and Kontagora. Screening for the presence of Salmonella typhi was done using streak method. Isolates of Salmonella typhi were identified through Gram staining and other biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates to ten (10) commonly prescribed antibiotics was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. The result showed 240 (62%) of the 390 samples were positive for bacterial infections. Specifically, 50 (20.8%) of the 240 bacterial positive samples from both ECS and urine were positive for S. typhi .The antibiogram showed that 18 (36.0%) S. typhi isolates out of the 50 S. typhi isolates, expressed multidrug resistant characteristics, and were resistant to more than three (3) classes of antibiotics. The multidrug resistant S. typhi exhibited resistance to: Ofloxacin, Nalixidic acid, Augmentin, Cephalexin, Perfloxacin and Streptomycin. The results of this study confirmed the presence of multidrug resistant S. typhi in Niger State, hence there is a need for public health workers, to create awareness on the misuse of antibiotics, to prevent and curtail treatment failure due to antibiotic resistance.
Downloads
References
Adekunle, O.O. (2012). Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria in southwestern Nigeria, General Approach International Journal of Pharmacy, Medicine and Biological Science, 1(2),166-183
Ahmed, S., Parvin, S., Shaha, D., Begum, P., Sanjowal, L., Hassan, M. K. and Mohammad Arif, K. (2017). Clinical Profile of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). Faridpur Medical College Journal, 12(1): 25-30.https://doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v12i1.33487
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Retrieved May 25th, 2018 from, http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/pid.htm
Cheesbrough, M. (2010). District Laboratory Practicein Tropical Countries, Part 2, 2nd Edition update. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Pp 107-114.
Clinical and laboratory standards institute (2016). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.26th Edition. Supplement M100S. CLSI, Wayne,Pages: 224
Cochran, W.G.(1977). Sampling techniques .3rd Edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons, New York, Pp 220
Einwalter,L.A., Ritchie, J.M., Ault, K.A. and Smith, E.M. (2005). Gonorrhea and Chlamydia infection among women visiting family planning clinic: racial variation in prevalence and predictors. Perspective Sex Reproductive Health, 37(3): 135-140.https://doi.org/10.1363/3713505
Enwa, F. O., Iyamu, M. I., Eboigbe, C. I. and Esimone, C.O. (2015). Prevalence of resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to Oxacillin, Ofloxacin and Rifampicin in Abraka South-South, Nigeria. Global Journal of Medical Research: Microbiology and Pathology,15 (4):1.
Erdem, I., Ali, R.K., Ardic, E., Omar, S.E., Mutlu, R. and Topkaya, A.E. (2018). Community-acquired Lower Urinary Tract Infections: Etiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Treatment Results in Female Patients. Journal of Global Infectious Disease, 10(3): 129-132.https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_86_17
Hunter, K.F., Voaklander, D., Hsu, Z.Y. and Moore, K. (2013). Lower urinary tract symptoms and falls risk among older women receiving home support: a prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatrics,13:46.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-13-46
Iliyasu, G., Habib, A.G.,Mohammed, A.B. and Borodo, M.M. (2015). Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community acquired pneumococcal infection in North-West Nigeria. Sub- Saharan Afr. J. Med,2:79-84.https://doi.org/10.4103/2384-5147.157429
Iseghohi, F. (2016). Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended spectrum betalactamase gene from Escherichia coli isolated from four hospitals in Minna, Niger state. A Published Thesis presented to the Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Pp. 108-112
Kolo, S. (2016). Prevalence of Bacteriological and parasitic infections in HIV children (2-16 years) in Niger State. A Published Thesis presented to the Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Pp. 58-79.
Lalitha, M.K. (2004). Manual on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Retrieved May 10th 2014. From www.ijmm.org/documents/antimicrobial.doc.
Magiorakos, A.P., Srinivasan, A., Carey, R.B., Carmeli, Y., Falagas, M.E. and Giske, C.G., (2012). Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clinical Microbiology Infections,18:268-81.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
Meštrović, T. (2017). Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Etiology. Retrieved May 23rd , 2018 from https://www.news-medical.net/medical
Metri, B. C., Jyothi, P. and Peerapur B. V. (2012). Detection of ESBL in E.coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from urinary tract infection in India. Indian J. Nephrology, 22(5):401-402.https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.103919
Munita, J.M. and Arias, C.A. (2016). Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiology Spectrum, 4(2):10.https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015
Naaz, F., Khan, N. and Mastan, A. (2016). Risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease: A prospective study. Int. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4(4):129-133.
Niger State Bureau of Stastistics (2010). Themap of Niger State. Retrieved May 25th, 2018 from, http://www.ask.com.
Nikaido, H (2009). "Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability revisited", Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 67(4), 593-656.https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.67.4.593-656.2003
Oseni, T.I.A. and Odewale, M.A. (2017). Socioeconomic status of parents and the occurrence of pelvic inflammatory disease among undergraduates attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 24(2): 114-120.https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_28_17
Oyedum, U.M., Kuta, F.A., Saidu, A.N. and Babayi, H. (2021). A comparative study on the effects of various factors to the prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease in North central, Nigeria. Africa Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2(2): 108-117.https://doi.org/10.33886/ajpas.v2i2.214
Pachori, R. and Kulkarni, N. (2016). Epidermiological markers in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among the women of reproductive age group. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, 3(2):193-196.
Spencer, T. H .I., Umeh, P. O., Irokanulo, E., Baba, M. M., Spencer, B. B., Umar, A. I., Ardzard, S .A., Oderinde, S. and Onoja O. (2014). Bacterial Isolates Associated with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Among Female Patients Attending Some Hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria. African Journal of Infectious Disease, 8(1): 9-13.https://doi.org/10.4314/ajid.v8i1.3
Usman, M. (2016). Prevalence of polymicrobial pelvic inflammatory infection among women attending three general hospitals in Niger state, Nigeria. A Published Thesis presented to the Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Pp. 33-41.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
