Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection among Children Attending Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital, Sokoto State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2491.028Keywords:
Cryptosporidiosis, Diarrhea, Children, Modified ZN stainingAbstract
Study's Excerpt/Novelty
- This study investigates the prevalence of Cryptosporidium among children attending Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital, Sokoto, using Formol ether concentration and Modified Ziehl Neelsen staining methods.
- It identifies a high prevalence of (71.1%) and shows a strong correlation between Cryptosporidium infection, diarrhea, and source of drinking water.
- These findings underscore the necessity for routine diagnostic testing of Cryptosporidium among children for improved detection, treatment, and overall patient outcomes in the region.
Full Abstract
Cryptosporidium infection is ranked as the second most common cause of diarrheal disease and fatalities among children in developing nations. Nonetheless, due to the fact that many healthcare providers do not consistently request Cryptosporidium diagnostic tests, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis is probably underestimated. The current study is therefore aimed at investigating the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children attending Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital (MAWCH), Sokoto. During the timeframe of April to June 2021, stool samples were collected from 114 diarrheic and non-diarrheic children and analyzed using Formol ether concentration and Modified Ziehl Neelsen staining methods. Out of 114 samples analyzed, 81(71.1%) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. A higher prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis was observed in males 45(39.5%) compared to females 36(31.6%) participants and higher 41(36.0%) in younger children aged 0-1 years than the older children. Similarly, a greater prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis was observed in diarrheic children (42.1%) than in non-diarrheic children (28.9%). A statistically significant relationship was observed between the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and diarrhea (P = 0.002) and the source of drinking water (P = 0.001). Routine diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis among children is vital and can enhance effective diagnosis, treatment, and consequently, improvement in the patients' well-being.
Downloads
References
Anejo-Okopi, J. A., Okojokwu, J. O., Ebonyi, A. O., Ejeliogu, E. U., Isa, S. E., Audu, O., Akpakpan, E. E., Nwachukwu, E. E., Ifokwe, C. K., Ali, M., Lar, P. and Oguche, S. (2016). Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in children aged 0- 5 years with diarrhea in Jos, Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal, 25: 253-259. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2016.25.253.10018
Askira, U. M., Isyaka, T. M., Samaila, A. B., Isa, T., Ibrahim, M. M., Hadiza, U. T., Ali, H. B. and Usman, M. (2020). Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts among Hospitalized Children under-5years in Northeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 41(2): 53-57. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2020/v41i230255
Ayinmode, A. B., Oliveira, B. C. M., Obebe, O. O., Dada-Adgebola, H. O., Ayede, A. I. and Widmer, G. (2018). Genotypic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species in Humans and Peri-Domestic Animals in Ekiti and Oyo States, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology, 104(6): 639-644. https://doi.org/10.1645/17-74
Banwat, E. B., Egah, D. Z., Onile, B. A., Angyo, I. A. and Audu, E. S. (2003). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among undernourished children in Jos, central Nigeria. Nigeria Postgraduate Medical Journal, 10(2): 84-87. https://doi.org/10.4103/1117-1936.171751
Cheesbrough, M. (2006). Parasitology test. In: District Laboratory practice in tropical countries. Second edition, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, pp.196-207. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543470
Fayer, R., Morgan, U. and Upton, S.J. (2008). Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification. International Journal of Parasitology, 30(12- 13): 1305-1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00135-1
Gambo, A., Inabo, H. I. and Aminu, M. (2014). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts among children with acute gastroenteritis in Zaria, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 7(2): 155-159. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v7i2.27
Huang, D., Chappell, C. and Okhuysen, P. (2009). Cryptosporidiosis in children. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 15(4): 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00968.x
Javier, Enriquez, F., Avila, C. R., Ignacio, Santos, J., Tanaka-Kido, J., Vallejo, O. and Sterling, C. R. (2008). Cryptosporidium infections in Mexican children: clinical, nutritional, enteropathogenic, and diagnostic evaluations. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 56(3): 254-257. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1997.56.254
National Population Commission (NPC) (2007). National Census figures, Abuja, Nigeria. [http://www.population.gov.ng/].
Oche, O. M., Gana, G. J., Yahaya, M., Khalid, I. and Sambo, M. L. A. (2019). Prevalence and effect of social media on sleep among students of higher institutions in Sokoto metropolis, Sokoto state Nigeria. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 5(3): 729-735.
Ochei, J. O. and Kolhatkar, A. A. (2007). Medical Laboratory Sciences theory and practice. Second edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi, India, pp.947-949.
Ogouyèmi-Hounto, A., Alihonou, F., Aholoukpe, I., Bagnan, L., Orekan, J., Sossa, B., Zohoun, L., Alao, J. and Gazard, D. K. (2017). Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis infection among children under 5- years in Cotonou, Benin. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology, 9(6): 89-94.
Pam, V. A., Dakul, D. A., Karshima, N. S. and Igeh, C. P. (2013). Occurrence of Cryptosporidium species and other zoonotic parasites among humans in Jos, Plateau State, North-Central Nigeria. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(17): 20-24.
Ryan, U. N., Fayer, R. and Xiao, L. (2014). Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals, Current understanding and research needs. Parasitology, 141(13): 1667-1685. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182014001085
Saulawa, M. A., Magaji, A. A., Faleke, O. O., Musawa, A. I. and Bala. A. (2016). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Coproantigens in Humans in Sokoto State, North Western Nigeria. Annals of Experimental Biology, 4(2):1-8.
Shah, U. V., Purohit, B. C., Chandralekha, D. and Mapara, M. H. (2003). Coinfection with Cryptosporidium, Isospora and S. stercoralis in a patient with aids - a case report. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 21(2): 137-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0255-0857(21)03141-8
Shaposhnik, E. G., Abozaid, S., Grossman, T., Marva, E., On, A., Azrad, M. and Peretz, A. (2019). The Prevalence of Cryptosporidium among Children Hospitalized because of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and the Efficiency of Diagnostic Methods for Cryptosporidium. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(1): 160-163. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0057
Shinkafi, S. A. and Muhammad, Z. (2017). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts among primary school children in Wamakko Local Government of Sokoto state, Nigeria: Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 25(1): 11-16. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v25i1.2
Tamomh, A. G., Agena, A. M., Elamin, E., Suliman, M. A., Elmadani, M., Omara, A. B. and Musa, S. A. (2021). Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis among Children with Diarrhea Under Five Years Admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital, Kosti City, Sudan. BMC Infectious Disease, 21(1): 349-354 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06047-1
Tombang, A. N., Ambe, N. F., Bobga, T. P., Nkfusai, C. N., Collins, N. M., Ngwa, S. B., Diengou, N. H. and Cumber, S. N. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis among children within the ages 0-5 years attending the Limbe regional hospital, southwest region, Cameroon. BMC Public Health, 19(1): 1144-1150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7484-8
Unicef (2019). The state of the world's children 2019; Children, food and nutrition growing well in a changing world. [https://www.unicef.org].
World Health Organization (2004). Pan American Health Organization reported of a consultation of epidemiology Reports, 1997. 72: pp97-99.
Xiao, L. and Feng, Y. (2008). Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 52(3): 309-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00377.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nura Muhammad Bunza, Iduh Michael Unata, M Isiaka, Suleiman Yusuf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
