Assessing the Biodetoxification Potential of Enterococcus faecium on Aflatoxin M1 in Fresh Raw Cow Milk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2491.024Keywords:
Bio-detoxification, Aflatoxin M1 contamination, raw cow milk, E. faecium, Surface binding assayAbstract
Study’s Novelty/Excerpt
- This study contributes to the field of food safety by exploring the bio-detoxification potential of E. faecium isolates from locally fermented cow milk for reducing Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination.
- By employing both biochemical and molecular methods to identify and utilize these isolates, the research provides innovative insights into an environmentally friendly and health-beneficial approach to mitigating aflatoxin contamination.
- The findings demonstrate a significant AFM1 binding capacity of E. faecium, highlighting its potential as a practical and safe biocontrol agent, which is critical for improving milk safety standards and public health protection.
Full Abstract
The adverse effects of aflatoxins on the economy and public health have prompted research into strategies to prevent their contamination in food and feed. Biological methods have become popular because they are environmentally friendly and beneficial for health. This research aims to determine the bio-detoxification potential of E. faecium, on Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw cow milk. Biochemical and molecular methods were used to identify the E. faecium isolates obtained from locally fermented cow milk (Nono). Three (3) distinct sampling locations in the Zaria metropolis, Dan-Magaji, Kufena, and Gabari, were used to gather nine (9) fresh milk samples. A quick test kit was used to screen the samples for AFM1 contamination. To determine the level of contamination, AFM1-contaminated samples were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The isolates were injected into the tainted milk samples at a cell density of 1.5 x 108cfu/mL and 3.0x108cfu/mL for 30 and 60 minutes at 4 and 37 degrees Celsius. The amount of unbound AFM1 in the samples was measured using HPLC analysis and surface binding assay. "ANOVA" single factor and two ways were used to analyze the data. All collected raw milk samples were contaminated with aflatoxin M1 at concentrations exceeding the EU/NAFDAC limit of ≤0.05 µg/L. The isolates bound AFM1 at 35-45% rates at a cell concentration of 3.0x108 cfu/mL at 37°C for 60 minutes. This research suggests that E. faecium could be an effective option for reducing AFM1 contamination in milk samples due to its harmless nature and recognition as generally safe. Additionally, regulatory agencies should implement thorough monitoring to ensure AFM1 levels in milk and milk products remain below acceptable limits.
Downloads
References
Ahlberg, S. H., Joutsjoki, V. and Korhonen, H.J. (2015). Potential of lactic acid bacteria in aflatoxin risk mitigation. International Journal of Food Microbiology (207): 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.042
Ali, T., Tugba, B., Refaat, W. and Ismail, H. (2010). Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 and patulin by Enterococcus faecium strains. International Journal of Food Microbiology (139): 202-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.006
Awad, W. A., Ghareeb, K. and Böhm, J. (2012) Occurrence, Health Risks and Methods of Analysis for Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, (2):1-10.
Bankole, S.A. and Adebanjo, A. (2003). Mycotoxins in food in West Africa: current situation and possibilities of controlling it. Journal of Biotechnology, (2):254–263. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2003.000-1053
Belletti, N., Gatti, M., Bottari, B., Neviani, E., Tabanelli, G. and Gardini, F. (2009). Antibiotic Resistance of Lactobacilli Isolated from Two Italian Hard Cheeses. Journal of Food Protection, (72): 2162-2169. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-72.10.2162
Ben Salah-Abbes, J., Abbes, S., Jebali, R., Haous, Z. and Oueslati, R. (2015). Potential preventive role of lactic acid bacteria against aflatoxin M1 immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in mice. Journal of. Immuno toxicology 12(2): 107-14. https://doi.org/10.3109/1547691X.2014.904025
Bennett, J.W., Kale, S. and Yu, J. (2007). Aflatoxins: Background, Toxicology and Molecular Biology. In: Simjee S (ed.), In: Infectious Disease: Foodborne Diseases. Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, USA, pp. 355-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-501-5_13
Carolyn, A., Haskard, I., Hani S. El-Nezami, Pasi, E., Kankaanpa, A., Seppo, S. and Jorma, T. (2001). Surface Binding of Aflatoxin B1 by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 0099-2240/01/$04.0010 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.7.3086-3091.2001
Diaa, A., Marrez, E., Mohamed, S., Hoda, E. and Yousef, Y. S. (2018). Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in milk using lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Biological. Science. (18): 144-151. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2018.144.151
Diaz, G. J., Murcia, H. W., and Cepeda, S. M. (2010). Bio-activation of aflatoxin B1 by turkey liver microsomes: Responsible cytochrome P450 enzymes. British Poultry Science, 51(6): 828–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2010.528752
Elgerbi, A. M., Aidoo, K. E., Candlish, A. A. G. and Tester, R. F. (2017). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in randomly selected North African milk and cheese samples, Food Additives & Contaminants, 21(6):592-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030410001687690
El-Nezami, H., Kankaanpaa, P., Salminen, S. and Ahokas, J. (1998). Ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to bind a common food carcinogen, aflatoxin B1. Food Chemical Toxicology (36): 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00160-9
European Commission, (2002). Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7th May 2002 on undesirable substances in Animal Feed. (269): 1–15
Fallah, A. (2010) Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Dairy Products Marketed in Iran during winter and summer. Food Control. (21): 1478-1481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.04.017
Fan, Y., Zhao, Q. Ma, X. Li, S. and Shi, H. (2013). Effects of Bacillus subtilis ANSB060 on growth performance, meat quality and aflatoxin residues in broilers fed moldy peanut meal naturally contaminated with aflatoxins. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, (59): 748-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.010
Giraffa, G. (2003). Functionality of enterococci in dairy products. International Journal of Food Microbiology (88): 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00183-1
Hans-Georg, W., Christine, S., Rolf, G. and Jan, F. (2016). Aflatoxin: food chain transfer from feed to milk. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety. (11):295–297 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-016-1059-8
Hathout, A. S., and Aly, S. E. (2014). Biological detoxification of mycotoxins: A review. Annals of Microbiology, 64(3): 905–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-014-0899-7
IARC. (2002). Aflatoxins In Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, (82). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 171-366
Mahmood, F. H., Abbasi, R. and Mousavi, K. A. (2018). The detoxification of aflatoxin M1 by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.: A review. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 13704. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13704
Maureen, M. K., Jasper, K. I., Lucy, N., Florence, M., Delia, G. and Johanna, F. L. (2019). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk traded in peri-urban Nairobi, and the effect of boiling and fermentation, Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, 9(1): 162-167, https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2019.1625703
Muthoni, J. W., Mereithi, B. K., Cheminingiwa, G. N., Gathumbi, J. K. and Mutit, E. W. (2011). Aspergillus species and aflatoxin B1 in soil, maize grain and flour samples from semi- arid and humidity regions of Kenya. International Journal of Agricultural science 2(1): 22 – 34
Nielsen, H.B., Sonne, A.M., Grunert, K.G., Banati, D., Pallak-Toth, A. and Lakner, Z. (2009). Consumer perception of the use of high-pressure processing and pulsed electric field technologies in food production. Appetite (52):115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.09.010
Oruc, H. H., Cibik, R., Yilmaz, E. and Kalkanli, O. (2006). Distribution and stability of aflatoxin M1 during processing and ripening of traditional white pickled cheese. Food Additives and Contaminants, 23(2): 190-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500389048
Paterson, R., and Lima, N. (2010). How will climate change affect mycotoxins in food? International Food Research. (43): 1902–1914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.07.010
Patterson, D.S., Glancy, E.M. and Roberts, B.A. (2008). The ‘carry-over’ of aflatoxin M1 into the milk of cows fed rations containing a low concentration of aflatoxin B1. Food Toxicology, 18(1): 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0015-6264(80)90008-5
Pittet, A. (2008). Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds—an updated review. Revue de Me ´decine Ve ´te ´rinaire, (149): 479–492.
Rayes, A.A.H. (2013). Removal of aflatoxin M1 from experimentally contaminated whole milk using a pool of probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria and baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New York. Science Journal, (6): 84-90.
Ruangwises, S. and Ruangwises, N. (2009.) Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized milk of the school milk project in Thailand. Journal of Food Protection, 8(72):1761-1763. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-72.8.1761
Tsakiris, I.N., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Alegakis, A.K., Vlachou, M.I., Renieri, E.A. and Tsatsakis, A.M. (2013). Risk assessment scenarios of children’s exposure to aflatoxin M1 residues in different milk types from the Greek market. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, (56): 261-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.024
Wambacq, E., Vanhoutte, I., Audenaert, K., De Gelder, L. and Haesaert, G. (2016). Occurrence, preventive and remediation of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in silage. Journal of Science Food Agriculture (96): 2284-2302. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7565
Williams, J. H., Phillips, T. D., Jolly, P. E., Stiles, J. K., Jolly, C. M. and Aggarwal, D. (2004). Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(5):1106–1122. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1106
Williams, P. W. and Windham, G. L. (2015). Aflatoxin accumulation in a maize Diallel Gross. Journal Agriculture (5): 344 – 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5020344
Yohannes, B., Wondossen, A. and Anteneh, G. (2018). Analysis to Ascertain the Determination for Aflatoxin Contamination of Milk and Feeds from Gurage Zone, Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Research DOI: 10.3923/ijar.2018. (13): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2018.1.11
Zeluta, A., Maurizi, A., Frigola, A., Esteve, M.J., Coli, R. and Burini, G. (2009). Antioxidant capacity of cow milk, whey and deproteinized milk. International Dairy Journal, 19(7): 380-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.02.003
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Fatima Mukhtar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
