Assessment of Tuberculosis Drugs and Diagnostics in Katsina Central, Katsina State, Nigeria

Authors

  • Adamu, S. U. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences National Open University of Nigeria, Cadastral Zone Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9892-5121
  • Jamilu, M. Z. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences National Open University of Nigeria, Katsina study Center, Katsina state, Nigeria
  • Adamu, M. B. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Medical, College of Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi State, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1321-1558

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2493.053

Keywords:

Diagnostics, Directly Observed Treatment Short Courses, Drugs, Inventory Management, Tuberculosis

Abstract

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt

  • This study provides insights into the availability and inventory management of tuberculosis (TB) drugs and diagnostics in Katsina Central Senatorial District.
  • It shows concern regarding the availability of drugs for Drug-Sensitive Tuberculosis, which are largely in stock, and those for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, which are mostly unavailable, compromising treatment regimens.
  • The research also shows gaps in diagnostic capacities, particularly in detecting drug-resistant strains, and identifies significant deficiencies in inventory management practices, suggesting a need for targeted interventions to improve TB control efforts in the region.

Full Abstract

Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest bacterial infections globally, and Nigeria accounts for an estimated 4.4% of the global TB burden.  This study aims to assess the availability and inventory management of tuberculosis drugs and diagnostics at Directly Observed Treatment Short Courses (DOTs) centers in Katsina Central Senatorial District.  A cross-sectional descriptive survey involving qualitative and quantitative methods was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the USAID logistics system assessment tool.  Ten (10) DOTs centers were selected using a multi-stage sampling method.  Data was collected through direct observation and interviews of the DOTs Officers, Local Government Tuberculosis Supervisors, the Logistics Officer of the Tuberculosis Program, and pharmacists from the State Drugs and Medical Supply Agency.  It was found that all the drugs for the treatment of Drug Sensitive Tuberculosis were in stock at the central store; however, for the treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, only moxifloxacin, clofazimine, and protionamide were in stock.  At the DOTs centres, all the drugs for the treatment of Drug Sensitive Tuberculosis were in stock in 9 (90%) of the facilities, and 6 (60%) of the facilities had access to sputum microscopy tools for the initial diagnosis of tuberculosis.  Some drugs for the treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis were in stock in only 1(10%) of the facilities.  The drugs in stock cannot complete any of the treatment regimens for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.  Only 3(30%) of the facilities can detect rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis using either Gene Xpert or Trunat, while none of the facilities have the capacity to detect M. tuberculosis resistance to isoniazid and other second-line drugs.  Stock cards were available in all DOTs centres where drugs are available, but 6 (56%) of the facilities update them in real-time, and 7(67%) of the facilities conduct a periodic physical inventory.  First-line drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis were generally available, and the availability of initial diagnostic tools/machines for tuberculosis was fairly adequate.  However, the drugs for the treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis were generally out of stock.  Furthermore, the inventory management of the Tuberculosis commodities needs improvement.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adamu, M. B., Musa, I. M., Abiodun, A. I., Uba, A., & Adamu, U. S. (2024). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and molecular characterization of ESBLs Salmonella enterica isolated from patients attending hospitals in Northeast Nigeria. Microbes and Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.21608/mid.2024.256575.1722

Adamu, S. U., & McGill, D. (2018). Drugs supply and laboratory services in DOTS system of Kaduna State: A health care worker perspective. Journal of Tuberculosis Research, 6(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtr.2018.61003

Adamu, S. U., Ojetokun, M. B., & Adamu, M. B. (2024). Effectiveness of directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) centers in the control of tuberculosis in Niger State, Nigeria. The Nigerian Health Journal, 24(2), 1255-1265. https://doi.org/10.60787/tnhj.v24i2.808

Amenuvegbe, G. K., Francis, A., & Fred, B. (2016). Low tuberculosis case detection: A community and health facility based study of contributory factors in the Nkwanta South district of Ghana. BMC Research Notes, 9(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-1968-3

Ayobami, A. A., Ogunleye, A., Ogunlaja, A., Akinsolu, F. T., Babayi, A., Mohammed, I. B., & Saidu, M. (2022). Risk factors associated with HIV-TB co-infection among clinic attendees in DOTS and ART centres in Ibadan, Nigeria. European Journal of Modern Medicine and Practice, 2(7), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-188973

Bajehson, M., Musa, B. M., Gidado, M., Nsa, B., Sani, U., & Habibu, A. T. (2019). Determinants of mortality among patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis in northern Nigeria. PLoS ONE, 14(11), e0225165. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225165

Bateman, C. (2013). Drug stock-outs: Inept supply-chain management and corruption. South African Medical Journal, 103(9), 600-602. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.6930

Chukwu, O. A., Ezeanochikwa, V. N., & Eya, B. E. (2017). Supply chain management of health commodities for reducing global disease burden. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 13(4), 871-874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.06.015

City Population. (2023, April 24). Katsina State, Nigeria – Population statistics, charts, map and location. Retrieved from https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/

Federal Ministry of Health. (2015). National tuberculosis, leprosy and Buruli ulcer management and control guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=1554900

Feuth, T., Patovirta, R. L., Grierson, S., Danilovits, M., Viiklepp, P., Aaltonen, H. K., Vauhkonen, M., Pehme, L., & Vasankari, T. (2021). Costs of multidrug-resistant TB treatment in Finland and Estonia affected by the 2019 WHO guidelines. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 25(7), 554-559. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.20.0897

Global Fund. (2023, April 19). TB indicators guidance sheet. Retrieved from https://www.theglobalfund.org/media/5192/me_indicatorguidancesheets-annexa-tb_sheet_en.xlsx

Günther, G., Guglielmetti, L., Leu, C., Lange, C., van Leth, F., Hafizi, H., Khachatryan, N., Aroyan, H., Kabasakalyan, E., Knappik, M., & Dudnyk, A. (2023). Availability and costs of medicines for the treatment of tuberculosis in Europe. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 29(1), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2022.06.013

Harries, A. D., Schouten, E. J., Makombe, S. D., Libamba, E., Neufville, H. N., Some, E., Kadewere, G., & Lungu, D. (2007). Ensuring uninterrupted supplies of antiretroviral drugs in resource-poor settings: An example from Malawi. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85, 152-155. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.06.032154

Ibrahim, B., Adamu, S. U., Nock, I. H., & Aji, A. G. (2021). Microbiological quality of anti-tuberculosis drugs commonly used at DOTS centres and pharmacies within Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria. Science World Journal, 16(2), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.36108/swj/2021/16/2/17

Ibrahim, S. S., Ibrahim, A., Allah, A. N., & Saulawa, L. A. (2016). Building of a community cattle ranch and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology as alternative methods of curtailing cattle rustling in Katsina State. Pastoralism, 6(1), 1-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-016-0070-0

Magadzire, B. P., Budden, A., Ward, K., Jeffery, R., & Sanders, D. (2014). Frontline health workers as brokers: Provider perceptions, experiences and mitigating strategies to improve access to essential medicines in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research, 14, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-014-0718-5

Manalan, K., Green, N., Arnold, A., Cooke, G. S., Dedicoat, M., Lipman, M., Loyse, A., Harrison, T. S., & Kon, O. M. (2020). A cost comparison of amikacin therapy with bedaquiline, for drug-resistant tuberculosis in the UK. Journal of Infection, 80(1), 38-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2019.09.013

Mbewana Ntshanka, N. G., & Msagati, T. A. M. (2023). Trends and progress on antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and genes in relation to human immunodeficiency virus. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2023(1), 6659212. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6659212

Milaham, M., Van Gurp, M., Adewusi, O. J., Okonuga, O. C., Ormel, H., Tristan, B., & Gidado, M. (2022). Assessment of tuberculosis case notification rate: Spatial mapping of hotspot, coverage and diagnostics in Katsina State, North-western Nigeria. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2022.2040

Nneka, O. (2020). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients in Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Bacteriology Research, 12(2), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2020.0063

Odume, B., Useni, S., Efo, E., Dare, D., Aniwada, E., Nwokoye, N., Chukwuogo, O., Ogbudebe, C., Sheshi, M., Babayi, A., & Nongo, D. (2023). Spatial disparity in availability of tuberculosis diagnostic services based on sector and level of care in Nigeria. Journal of Tuberculosis Research, 11(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtr.2023.111002

Onyedum, C. C., Alobu, I., & Ukwaja, K. N. (2017). Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 12(7), e0180996. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180996

Otchere, I. D., Asante-Poku, A., Akpadja, K. F., Diallo, A. B., Sanou, A., Asare, P., & Yeboah-Manu, D. (2024). Opinion review of drug resistance tuberculosis in West Africa: Tackling the challenges for effective control. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1374703. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1374703

Oyediran, K. (2019). Quality of tuberculosis services assessment in Nigeria: Report. Chapel Hill, NC, USA: MEASURE Evaluation, University of North Carolina. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3434972

Singh, P. V., Tatambhotla, A., Kalvakuntla, R., & Chokshi, M. (2013). Understanding public drug procurement in India: A comparative qualitative study of five Indian states. BMJ Open, 3(2), e001987. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001987

United Nations. (2023, June 7). Nigeria | Geospatial, location data for a better world. Retrieved from www.un.org/geospatial/content/nigeria

USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, Task Order 1. (2009). Logistics system assessment tool (LSAT). Arlington, VA: USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, Task Order 1. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3434972

World Health Organization. (2015). The end TB strategy (No. WHO/HTM/TB/2015.19). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/tb/End_TB_Strategy.pdf

World Health Organization. (2017). Global tuberculosis report 2017. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/

World Health Organization. (2022a). Global tuberculosis report 2022. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061729

World Health Organization. (2022b). WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 4: Treatment-drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240062665

World Health Organization. (2013). Automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB (No. WHO/HTM/TB/2013.16). World Health Organization Retrieved from https://stoptb.org/wg/gli/assets/documents/WHO%20Policy%20Statement%20on%20Xpert%20MTB-RIF%202013%20pre%20publication%2022102013.pdf

World Health Organization. (2015). How to investigate drug use in health facilities: selected drug use indicators. 1993. EDM Research Series, (7).https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-dap-93.1

Downloads

Published

30-06-2024

How to Cite

Adamu, S. U., Jamilu, M. Z., & Adamu, M. B. (2024). Assessment of Tuberculosis Drugs and Diagnostics in Katsina Central, Katsina State, Nigeria. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 9(3), 452–463. https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2493.053