Physicochemical Properties of Mango, Coconut and Cotton Seed Oils and their Ameliorating Effect on Renal Toxicity in Wistar Rats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2492.019Keywords:
Coconut, Cotton, Mango, Oil, Physicochemical, RenalAbstract
Study’s Excerpt:
- The ameliorative effects of mango kernel, coconut, and cottonseed oils on hydrogen peroxide-induced renal toxicity is investigated.
- Physicochemical properties of the oils such as peroxide, acid, saponification and iodine values, among others were analyzed.
- Coconut oil showed the lowest peroxide value, highest antioxidant potential and hence superior histopathological recovery in the rats.
- Therefore, coconut oil is the most suitable therapeutic agent for nephrotoxicity compared to mango kernel and cottonseed oils.
Full Abstract:
Nephrotoxicity is the rapid deterioration in kidney function due to the toxic effect of medications and chemicals. Mango, coconut and cotton seed oils are natural plant oils with various beneficial and therapeutic effect. This study was designed to investigate the potential ameliorating effect of mango kernel, coconut, and cottonseed oils on hydrogen peroxide-induced renal toxicity. The physicochemical properties of the oils were determined, and kidney markers of the blood serum, such as urea and creatine, were analysed, followed by histopathology of the kidney. The physicochemical properties showed that the oil yield was 12.06 %, 65.29 %, and 35.18 % for mango, coconut, and cottonseed oils, respectively. Mango kernel oil had a higher melting point (29.25). The specific gravity of mango kernel oil, coconut oil, and cotton seed oils was 0.89, 0.91, and 0.88, respectively. The highest flash point was recorded in cottonseed oil (302.45). Cotton seed oil had the highest moisture content (0.35). The pH of Mango kernel oil was 4.88, coconut oil 6.97 and cotton seed oil 6.15. Mango kernel oil had the highest smoke point (250.73). The lowest peroxide value was observed in coconut oil (0.52), while the highest was in cottonseed oil (3.43). Cotton seed oil had the highest acid value (6.82) and iodine value (42.16). The saponification values of mango kernel, coconut, and cottonseed oils were 142.39, 258.98, and 180.31, respectively. The unsaponifiable matter was 1.46 in mango oil, 0.42 in coconut oil, and 1.50 in cottonseed oil. The percentage of free fatty acids in mango kernel oil, coconut oil, and cottonseed oil was 2.14, 0.21, and 3.40, respectively. The levels of creatinine and urea were significantly reduced in the serum of rats that received the oils, as compared to the positive control group. The histopathological examination showed significant recovery in the group treated with coconut oil. The results of this study, however, established that coconut oil had a better ameliorating effect on kidney toxicity compared to the other oils under study, which may be due to its antioxidant properties.
Downloads
References
Agu, C.M., Orakwue,C.C., Ani, O.N., Chinedu,M.P., Kadurumba, C.H. and Ahanekue, I.E. (2024). Methyl ester production from cotton seed oil via catalytic transesterification process; characterization, fatty acids composition, kinetics, and thermodynamics study. Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment, 5,100064, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100064
Aitken, E., Carruthers, C., Gall, L., Kerr, L., Geddes, C., and Kingsmore, D. (2013). Acute kidney injury: Outcomes and quality of care. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 106(4), 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcs237
Ajeigbe, K., and Oladokun, O. (2024). Exploring the trichloroacetic acid- induced toxicity on the hepato-renal system and intervention by virgin coconut oil-rich diet. Acta Biologica Slovenica 67(2):16-30. https://doi.org/10.14720/abs.67.2.18642
Al-Naimi, M. S., Rasheed, H. A., Hussien, N. R., Al-Kuraishy, H. M. and Al-Gareeb, A. I. (2019). Nephrotoxicity: Role & significance of renal biomarkers in the early detection of acute renal injury. Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 10(3):95-99. https://doi.org/10.4103/japtr.JAPTR_336_18
AOAC, (2016). Official Method of Analysis Association of Analytical Chemistry, Washington D.C 91(1) 112-122.
AOAC, (2019). Official Method of Analysis, 21st edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, USA.
AOCS, (2009) Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemist Society. 6th Edition.
AOCS, (2017) Official methods & recommended practices of the American Oil Chemist Society. 7th Edition.
Aremu, M. O., Ibrahim, H., and Bamidele, T. O. (2015). Physicochemical characteristics of the oils extracted from some Nigerian plant foods–a review. Chemical & Process Engineering Research, 32:36-52.
Asemave, K., Abakpa, D. and Ligom, T. (2020). Extraction & antibacterial studies of oil from three mango kernel obtained from makurdi-nigeria. Progress in Chemical & Biochemical Research, 3(1): 74-80. https://doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/PCBR.2020.1.9
Asuquo, J. E., Etim, E. E., Ukpong, I. U. and Etuk, S. E. (2012). Extraction, characterization & fatty acid profile of Poga oleosa oil. International journal of modern analytical & separation sciences, 1(1), 23-30.
Bello, E. I., Adekanbi, I. T., and Akinbode, F. O. (2016). Production & characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil & its methyl ester. European Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry, 3(1).
Bozdogan konuskan, D., Yilmaztekin, M., Mert, M. and Gencer, O. (2015). Physico-chemical characteristics & Fatty acids compositions of cotton seed oils. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23, 253-259
Bustani, S., and Soni, S. (2023). Review on the impact of peroxide value from edible oil: indian perspective. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 26-33.
Campos, M. A., de Almeida, L. A., Grossi, M. F. and Tagliati, C. A. (2018). In vitro evaluation of biomarkers of nephrotoxicity through gene expression using gentamicin. Journal of biochemical & molecular toxicology, 32(9): e22189. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22189
Džidić-Krivić, A., Sher, E.K., Kusturica, J., Farhat, E.K., Nawaz, A., and Sher, F. (2024). Unveiling drug induced nephrotoxicity using novel biomarkers and cutting-edge preventive strategies, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 388,110838, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-024-03471-8
Elkholy, I.A.A., Elkashef,W., Mostafa F.E and Hassan, A (2024). Assessment of podocyte detachment as a pivotal step in the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute, 36:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43046-024-00244-0
FAO/WHO (2009). Report of the 21st session of the Codex Alimentarius Committee on fats & oils. Kola Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Federation, A. O. (2011). Section 1: Quality standards, technical information & typical analysis. Australian Oilseeds Federation, Australia Square, 40-45.
Firestone, D. (2009). Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS. Urbana, IL: AOCS.
Fotsing Yannick Stéphane, F., Kezetas Jean Jules, B., El-Saber Batiha, G., Ali, I. and Ndjakou Bruno, L. (2022). Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants & Herbs. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98602
Ghani, N. A. A., Channip, A. A., Chok Hwee Hwa, P., Ja'afar, F., Yasin, H. M. and Usman, A. (2018). Physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacities, & metal contents of virgin coconut oil produced by wet & dry processes. Food science & nutrition, 6(5): 1298-1306. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.671
Gopala Krishna A.G., Gaurav R, Ajit S.B., Prasanth Kumar P.K. and Preeti C. (2010). Coconut Oil: Chemistry, Production & Its Applications. A Review. Indian Coconut Journal, 15-27
Gunstone, F. (Ed.). (2011). Vegetable oils in food technology: composition, properties & uses. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444339925
Gurjar, H.R. and Raj, J.D. (2022). Extraction of Mango Kernel (Magnifera indica) Oil. Asian Journal of Dairy & Food Research. 41(3): 361-364. https://doi.org/10.18805/ajdfr.DR-1855
Halliwell, B., Clement, M. V., Ramalingam, J. and Long, L. H. (2000). Hydrogen peroxide. Ubiquitous in cell culture & in vivo. IUBMB life, 50(4‐5); 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/713803727
Ikhuoria, E. U. and Maliki, M. (2017). Characterization of avocado pear (Persea americana) & African pear (Dacryodes edulis) extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6 (7): 950-952
Kaddam, L., Fadl-Elmula, I., Eisawi, O. A., Abdelrazig, H. A., Salih, M. A., Lang, F. and Saeed, A. M. (2017). Gum Arabic as novel antioxidant agent in sickle cell anemia, phase II trial. BMC hematology, 17,1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12878-017-0075-y
Kamalu, G.S. Aminu, R.D, Abubakar S. I and Nasiru A.M. (2022). Extraction, Characterization And Ft-Ir Analysis of Oil Extracted from Cotton Seed (Gossypium Hirsutum), International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 7(7):1-6. https://doi.org/10.33564/IJEAST.2022.v07i07.001
Khalid, W., Arshad, M. S., Aziz, A., Rahim, M. A., Qaisrani, T. B., Afzal, F. and Anjum, F. M. (2023). Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): A therapeutic weapon in metabolic disorders. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(1): 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3035
Kittiphoom, S. and Sutasinee, S. (2013). Mango seed kernel oil & its physicochemical properties. International Food Research Journal, 20(3), 1145.
Konuşkan, D. B., Yılmaztekin, M., Mert, M., and Gençer, O. (2017). Physico-chemical characteristic & fatty acids compositions of cottonseed oils. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(2): 253-259.
Krishna, A. G., Gaurav, R., Singh, B. A., Kumar, P. P., and Preeti, C. (2010). Coconut oil: Chemistry, production and its applications-a review. Indian Coconut Journal, 53(3), 15-27.
Lillie M.A., Barnett, B. and Cummings, S. (2018). Nephrotoxicity & Renal Pathophysiology: A Contemporary Perspective, Toxicological Sciences, 164 (2): 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfy159
Mahran, H.A., Okdah, Y.A., Zaky, A.A and Arisha,S.M. (2022). The possible ameliorative role of Moringa oleifera seed oil on sofosbuvir-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats; histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical studies, The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology , 83:16,1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-022-00281-y
Maliki, M., Ikhuoria, E. U. and Ifijen, I. H. (2020). Extraction & Physiochemical Characterization of Oils Obtained from Selected Under-Utilized Oil Bearing Seeds in Nigeria. Chem Search Journal 11(1): 110 – 117.
Mark S. (1991). Paller, Hydrogen peroxide & ischemic renal injury: Effect of catalase inhibition, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 10(1):29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(91)90018-X
Martins, J.S., Santos, J.C.O. and da Conceicao, M.M. (2020). Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical Properties of Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera L.) Obtained by Industrial and Artisanal Processes. Biotechnol Ind J. 16(3):210.
Mas' ud, F., Mahendradatta, M., Laga, A. and Zainal, Z. (2017). Optimization of mango seed kernel oil extraction using response surface methodology. OCL, 24(5):503. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2017041
Mas’ud, F., Mahendradatta, M., Laga, A. and Zainal, Z. (2018). Physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of mango seed kernel oil. International journal of engineering sciences & research technology,7(1):361-369.DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1147523
Maurikaa, CS., Jaganivash, B. and Shanmugasundaram, S. (2020). Comparative studies on physicochemical properties of virgin coconut oil (VCO) with different coconut oils. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(6), 2433-2438. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i6ai.11135
Medeiros de Azevedo, W., Ferreira Ribeiro de Oliveira L., Alves Alcântara M., Tribuzy de Magalhães., Cordeiro A.M, Florentino da Silva Chaves Damasceno KS, Kelly de Araújo N. and Sousa Junior F.C.D (2020). Physicochemical characterization, fatty acid profile, antioxidant activity & antibacterial potential of cacay oil, coconut oil & cacay butter. PloS one, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232224
Mengistie, T., Alemu, A. and Mekonnen, A. (2018). Comparison of physicochemical properties of edible vegetable oils commercially available in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Chemistry International, 4(2): 130-135.
Milev, M., Angeleska, M., Georgieva, M., Maksimova V., Janeva, M., Miloshev, G. and Ruskovska, T (2022). Vitamins E and C exert protective roles in hydrogen peroxide induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Genetika, 54(3): 1023-1034, https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR2203023M
Morris, B.J.(1999). The Chemical Analysis of Food Products, USA, Litton Educational Publishing Inc.
Muhammad A. A., Frederick F. Y. and Muhammad C. B. (2023). Extraction, Characterization and Epoxidation of Cotton Seed Oil. Nanochem. Res., 8(4): 252-257. https://doi.org/10.22036/NCR.2023.04.03
Nadeem, M., Imran, M., and Khalique, A. (2016). Promising features of mango (mangifera indica l.) kernel oil: A review. Journal of food science & technology, 53(5): 2185-2195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2166-8
Ndukaku, O. Y., Ejiofor, E., Loveth, U. E. and Oluchi, O. I. (2015). Valuation of some serum kidney functions & lipid profile of malaria patients in south eastern nigeria. Romanian Journal of Biochemistry, 52(1): 39-49.
Negash, Y. A., Amare, D. E., Bitew, B. D. and Dagne, H. (2019). Assessment of quality of edible vegetable oils accessed in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC research notes, 12(1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4831-x
Negash, Y.A., Amare, D.E., Bitew, B.D., and Dagne,H. (2019). Assessment of quality of edible vegetable oils accessed in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC research notes. 12:793. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4831-x
Nzelu, I.C., Nwosu, U.L. and Onwurah, C.O., (2016) Food Analysis: Principles & Practice. Enugu. Fergu, Nwankwo Printing Service.
Nzikou, J., Kimbonguila, A., Matos, L., Loumouamou, B., Pambou-Tobi, N., Ndangui, C., Abena, A., Silou, T., Scher, J., and Desobry, S. (2010). Extraction and characteristics of seed kernel oil from mango (mangifera indica). Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2(1), 31-35.
Ochida, C. O., Itodo , A. U., Anhwange, B. A., Onoja, P. O. and Nwanganga , P. A. (2024). In vitro &In vivo Antioxidant effects of Mango, Coconut & Cotton Seed Oils on Hydrogen Peroxide- Induced Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats. Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA, 2(2): 64-73. https://doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2024-0202-09
Ogbiede, O. K., Omorotionmwan, E. A., Igenumah, O. D., Ifijen, H. I. and Akhigbe, I. U. (2022).Comparative Analysis on Physicochemical Properties &Chemical Composition of Coconut & Palm Kernel Oils. Chem Search Journal, 13(1), 70-75.
Okagu, I.U., Ndefo, J.C., Chibwuogwu, C., Aham, E.C., and Onoh, A.P. (2020). Modulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in rats by deep root herbal mixture®—a nigerian branded polyherbal drug. The 1st International Conference on Antioxidants in Health and Disease. https://doi.org/10.3390/CAHD2020-08562
Okene, E., and Evbuomwan, B. (2014). Solvent extraction and characterization of oil from coconut seed using alternative solvents. Int J Eng Tech Res, 2, 135-138.
Omari, A., Mgani, Q. A. and Mubofu, E. B. (2015). Fatty acid profile & physico-chemical parameters of castor oils in Tanzania. Green & Sustainable Chemistry, 5(4):154-163. https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2015.54019
Onoji, S. E., Iyuke, S. E., and Igbafe, A. I. (2016). Hevea brasiliensis (rubber seed) oil: extraction, characterization, and kinetics of thermo-oxidative degradation using classical chemical methods. Energy & Fuels, 30(12), 10555-10567. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02267
Orabi, S.H., Allam, T.S., Shawky, S.M., Tahoun, E.A., Khalifa, H.K., Almeer, R., Abdel-Daim, M.M., El-Borai, B. and Mousa, A.A (2020). The antioxidant, anti- apoptotic and proliferative potency protective of argan oil against betamethasone induced oxidative renal damage in rats. Biology, 9(11):352. http://doi.org/10.3390/biology9110352
Oseni, N. T., Fernando, W. M., Coorey, R., Gold, I. and Jayasena, V. (2017). Effect of extraction techniques on the quality of coconut oil. African Journal of Food Science, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2016.1493
Patlolla, A. K., Kumari, S. A., Madhusudhanachary, P., Turner, T. and Tchounwou, P. B. (2018). Biochemical & histopathological evaluation of Al2O3 nanomaterials in kidney of wistar rats. Current topics in biochemical research, 19, 1. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.AM2019-889
Perera, D. N., Hewavitharana, G. G. and Navaratne, S. B. (2020). Determination of physicochemical &functional properties of coconut oil by incorporating bioactive compounds in selected spices. Journal of lipids, 885. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8853940
Quampah, A., Huang, Z. R., Wu, J. G., Liu, H. Y., Li, J. R., Zhu, S. J. and Shi, C. H. (2012). Estimation of oil content & fatty acid composition in cottonseed kernel powder using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 89(4):567-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1945-2
Rahim, M. A., Ayub, H., Sehrish, A., Ambreen, S., Khan, F. A., Itrat, N., Nazir, A., Shoukat, A., Shoukat, A., Ejaz, A., Özogul, F., Bartkiene, E., and Rocha, J. M. (2023). Essential Components from Plant Source Oils: A Review on Extraction, Detection, Identification, & Quantification. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 28(19): 6881. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196881
Rojo-Gutiérrez, E., Buenrostro-Figueroa, J. J., Natividad-Rangel, R., Romero-Romero, R., Sepulveda, D. and Baeza-Jimenez, R. (2020). Effect of different extraction methods on cottonseed oil yield. Revista Mexicana De Ingeniería Química, 19(1): 385-394. https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/Alim1704
Saeed, M. D., and Shola, E. A. (2015). Extraction & physico chemical properties of some edible seed oils sampled in Kano metropolis, Kano state. Bayero Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences, 8(2): 239-244. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v8i2.39
Sahar A. A. (2018). Physico chemical characteristics of mango kernel oil and meal, Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences, 08 (01): 01-06
Saiprabha M. M. and Goswami–Giri A. S. (2011). Composition and characterization of refined oil compared with its crude oil from waste obtained from Mangifera indica. Asian Journal Research Chemistry, 4:1415–1419.
Salahudeen, A. K., Clark, E. C. and Nath, K. A. (1991). Hydrogen peroxide-induced renal injury. A protective role for pyruvate in vitro & in vivo. The Journal of clinical investigation, 88(6): 1886–1893. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115511
Sarkar R, Podder I,Gokhale N, Jagadeesan S and Garg V.(2017). Use of vegetable oils in dermatology: An overview. International Journal of Dermatol, 56:1080-1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13623
Shah, S. N., Mahesar, S. A., Abro, K. A., Sherazi, S. T. H. and Nizamani, S. M. (2017). Ftir characterization & physicochemical evaluation of cottonseed oil, 18(1):8. https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2017.06.04
Sikdar, D. C., Hegde, S., Swamynathan, V., Varsha, S. and Rakesh, R. (2017). Solvent extraction of mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed kernel oil & its characterization. International Journal of Technical Research & Applications, 5(4): 43-47.
Sikdar, D. C., Siri, H., Vinay, S., Varsha, S., and Rao, R. (2017). Solvent extraction of mango (mangifera indica l.) seed kernel oil and its characterization. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, 5(4):43-47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-022-00281-y
Sinaga, F.A., Harahap, U., Silalahi, J. and Sipahutar, H. (2019). Antioxidant Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil on Urea and Creatinine Levels on Maximum Physical Activity. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 7(22):3781-3785. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.503
Singh, M.P., Makkar, R., Behl, T. and Pathal, K. (2023). Advanced therapeutics for renal inflammation. Recent developments in Anti–inflammatory therapy. Academic Press, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99988-5.00008-5
Solís-Fuentes, J. A. and Del Carmen Durán-de-Bazúa, M. (2011). Mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed & its fats. In Nuts & Seeds in health &disease prevention Academic Press, 741-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10088-X
Stevens, L. A., Coresh, J., Greene, T. and Levey, A. S. (2006). Assessing kidney function-measured & estimated glomerular filtration rate. New England & Journal of Medicine, 354(23):2473-2483. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra054415
Subroto, E., Pangawikan, A.D., Yarlina, V. P and Ramadhani, A.P. (2020). The extraction, purification & the recent applications of coconut oil in food products–A review. International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 11(5): 234-240.
Varona, E., Tres, A., Rafecas, M., Vichi, S., Barroeta, A. C. and Guardiola, F. (2021). Composition & Nutritional Value of Acid Oils & Fatty Acid Distillates Used in Animal Feeding. Animals 11, 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010196
Vidal, N.P., Adigun, O.A., Pham, T.H., Mumtaz, A., Manful, C., Callahan, G., Stewart, P., Keough, D., and Thomas, R.H. (2020): The Effects of Cold Saponification on the Unsaponified Fatty Acid Composition and Sensory Perception of Commercial Natural Herbal Soaps. Molecules. 23:2356. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092356
World Health Organization (1999). WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen & semen cervical mucus interaction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Yadav K.K, Neelima. G, Anil V, Sanjay K. and Mala T. (2017). Optimization & extraction of oil from mango seed kernel (Mangifera indica). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 87(7): 943-946. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v87i7.71925
Yousef, M. I., Omar, S. A., El-Guendi, M. I. and Abdelmegid, L. A. (2010). Potential protective effects of quercetin & curcumin on paracetamol-induced histological changes, oxidative stress, impaired liver & kidney functions & haematotoxicity in rat. Food & Chemical Toxicology, 48(11):3246-3261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.034
Yusuf A., Mamza P., Ahmed A., and Agunwa U. (2015). Extraction and characterization of castor seed oil from wild Ricinus communis Linn. International Journal of Science, Environment Technology, 4(5):1392-404.
Zeng, L., Chung-Ng, J.K., Fung, W.W.S., Kau-chan, G.C., Chow, K.M., and Chun Szeto, C. (2024). Urinary podocyte stress marker as a prognostic indicator for diabetic kidney disease. BMC Nephrology, 25, 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-024-03471-8
Zerihun, M., and Berhe, H. (2018). Physicochemical properties of Cotton seeds oil and its comparison with released and improved cotton varieties in Ethiopia. Academic Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Research 6(7): 443-452. https://doi.org/10.14662/ARJASR2018.073
Zhou, Y., Zhao, W., Lai, Y., Zhang, B., and Zhang, D. (2020). Edible Plant Oil: Global Status, Health Issues, and Perspectives. Frontiers in plant science, 11,1315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01315
Zia, M. A., Shah, S. H., Shoukata, S., Hussaind, Z., Khane, S. U. and Shafqatf, N. (2020). Physicochemical features, functional characteristics, and health benefits of cottonseed oil: a review. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2022, 82, e243511. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.243511
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Comfort Onyeche Ochida, Adams Udoji Itodo, Benjamin Asen Anhwange, Peter Onyeholowo Onoja
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
