In vitro Anti-trypanosomal Activity of Ethanolic and n-Hexane Extracts of Hymenocardia acida Stem Bark against Trypanosoma bruceibrucei and Trypanosoma congolense
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2493.061Keywords:
Anti-trypanosomal activity, Extracts, H. acida, T. brucei brucei, T. congolenseAbstract
Study’s Novelty/Excerpt
- The potential of Hymenocardia acida stem bark extracts as an anti-trypanosomal agent was assessed.
- The results indicate significant in vitro activity of both ethanolic and n-hexane extracts against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense.
- Hence, H. acida could be a valuable source for developing new, broad-spectrum trypanocidal drugs.
Full Abstract
The development of resistance by trypanosomes to existing trypanocidal drugs necessitates the need to search for safer and more effective alternative drugs with a broad spectrum of activity. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Hymenocardia acida stem bark against Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The stem bark of H. acida was collected, identified, dried and then ground into fine powder. The powdered H. acida stem bark was extracted successively using n-hexane and ethanol to obtain n-hexane and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using standard procedure. In vitro, anti-trypanosomal activity of different concentrations of the stem bark extracts (2.5 mg/mL to 40.0 mg/mL) were determined using motility assay with diminazeneaceturate (100 µg/mL) and phosphate buffered saline used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results of the phytochemical screening revealed that flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins were present in the ethanolic and n-hexane extracts. In vitro, the anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts was observed against T. brucei brucei and T. congolense. Cessation of trypanosome motility was observed after 30 and 50 minutes of exposure to 2.5 mg/mL of ethanolic extract and n-hexane extract, respectively, for both T. brucei brucei and T. congolense. In conclusion, ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of H. acida exhibited anti-trypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. Hence, the plant could serve as a source of new trypanocidal drugs.
Downloads
References
Abdeta, D., Kebede, N., Giday, M., Terefe, G. & Abay, S.M. (2020). In vitro and in vivo anti-trypanosomal activities of methanol extract of Echinopskebericho roots. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 8146756. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8146756
Abu, A.H. & Uchendu, C.N. (2011).Effect of aqueous extract of Hymenocardia acida stem barkon oestrous cycle in albino rats.Journal of Medical Plants Research, 5(8),1280-1283.
Abu, A.H., Uchendu, C.N. & Ofokwu, R. (2011). Sperm immobilisation properties of aqueous ethanolic extract of Hymenocardia acida stem bark. Macedonian Journal of Medicinal Sciences, 4, 261-264. https://doi.org/10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2011.0185
Abu, A.H., Uchendu, C.N. and Ofukwu, R.A. (2009).In vitro anti-trypanosomal activity of crude extracts of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of Applied Biosciences,21, 1277 - 1282
Agishi, E.G. (2004).Etulo, Igede, Idoma, Tiv and Hausa names of plants.Agitab Publishers Ltd, Makurdi. Pp 5, 32, and 42.
Chechet, G. D., Yahaya, J. &Nok, A. J. (2018).In vitro and in vivoanti-trypanosomal potentials of Afrormosialaxiflora and Khaya senegalensis against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 39(3), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v39i3.10
Deepika, K., Mahesh Kumar, M.V.S., Radhika, T.S.D. &Rajagopal, S.V. (2016). Studies on isolation, purification and structure elucidation of chemical constituents from methanolic flower extract of Blepharis molluginifolia pers. and their biological activities. Internal Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Research, 7(12), 4893-4904. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(12).4893-04
Ehiagbonare, J.E. & Onyibe, H.I. (2008).Studies on raising and preparation of planting stock of three indigenous forest timber species in Nigeria.International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences,2(4), 573-578. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v2i4.39778
Haruna, A., Pateh, U.U., Sule, M.I., Musa, A.M., Sani, Y.M., Mohammed, M., Lawal, M.D &Garba, M.A. (2017).Evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of methanol leaf extract of Hymenocardia acida, Tul (Euphorbiaceae) in laboratory animals.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, 14(5), 2675-2683.
Iyadi, K.C., Nia, R. & Antai, A.B. (2003). Phytochemical and anti-sickling properties of Hymenocardia acida (Tul).Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 18(1-2), 82-86. https://doi.org/10.4314/njps.v18i1.32625
Johnson, T.O. & Omoniwa, B.P. (2014).In vivotrypanocidal activity of ethanolic crude extract and phytochemical fractions of Garcinia kola seeds. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 4(1), 212-222. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2014/5716
Madaki, F.M., Kabiru, A.Y., Mann, A., Abdulkadir, A., Agadi, J.N. and Akinyode, A.O. (2016).Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro anti-trypanosomal activity of selected medicinal plants in Niger State, Nigeria. International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review, 11(3),1-7. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2016/24955
Maikai, V.A. (2011). Anti-trypanosomal activity of flavonoid extracted from Ximeniaamericana stem bark. International Journal of Biology,3(1):1. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v3n1p115
Majekodunmi, A. O., Fajinmi, A., Dongkum, C., Picozzi, K., Thrusfield, M. V., &Welburn, S. C. (2013). A longitudinal survey of African animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: prevalence, distribution and risk factors. Parasites & vectors, 6(1), 239. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-239
Mergia, E., Shibeshi, W., Terefe, G. &Teklehaymanot, T. (2014).Phytochemical screening and in-vitroantitrypanosomal activity of aqueous and methanol leaf extract of Verbascumsinaiticum (Scrophulariaceae) against Trypanosomacongolense field isolate.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 4:183. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0681.1000183.
Nibret, E. & Wink, M. (2010) Volatile components of four Ethiopian Artemisia species extracts and their in vitroantitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities.Phytomedicine,17(5), 369-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2009.07.016
Nwodo, N.J., Ibezim, A., Ntie-Kang, F., Adikwu, M.U. &Mbah, C.J. (2015). Anti-trypanosomal activity of nigerian plants and their constituents. Molecules, 20(5), 7750-7771. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20057750
Ogbadoyi, E.O., Kabiru, A.Y. &Omotosho, R.F. (2011). Preliminary studies of the anti-trypanosomal activity of Garciniakola nut extract in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2(1), 628-631.
Sabo, S.Y., Otimenyin, S.O., Uguru, M.O. &Bukar, B.B. (2017). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used as aphrodisiacs in Bauchilocal government area. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 4(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.9734/JOCAMR/2017/39229
Sani, A., Zakariyya, U.A., Mahe, A. & Singh, D. (2018).In vitrostudy of anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Garcinia kola against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(6), 417-419. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.25022
Simarro, P. P., Diarra, A., Ruiz Postigo, J. A., Franco, J. R., &Jannin, J. G. (2011). The human African trypanosomiasis control and surveillance programme of the World Health Organization 2000-2009: the way forward. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 5(2), e1007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001007
Simorangkir, M., Nainggolan, B. &Silaban, S. (2019). Secondary metabolites phytochemical analysis of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of sarangbanua (Clerodendrum fragram Vent Wild) leaves. Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Seminar on Trends in Science and Science Education, AISTSSE 2018, Medan, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-10-2018.2287344
Usman, A.M., Danjuma, N.M., Ya’u, J., Ahmad, M.M., Alhassan, Z. &Abubakar, Y.M. (2021). Antidiarrhoeal potential of methanol extract of Hymenocardia acidaTul (Euphorbiaceae) in laboratory animals.Bulletin of the National Research Center, 45(118), 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00575-1
Wadood, A., Mehreen, G., Syed, B., J., Muhammad, N. &Ajmal, K. (2013).Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants occurring in local area of Mardan. Biochemistry Analytical Biochemistry2, 144.
WHO (World Health Organization).Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness). Fact Sheet No. 259; 2012.
Yadav, R.N.S. &Agarwala, M. (2011).Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. Journal of Phytology, 3,2075-6240.
Yusuf, A.B., Umar, I.A. &Nok, A.J. (2012). Effects of methanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf on survival and some biochemical parameters in acute Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 6(12), 150-158.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Lawal, S. M., Inabo, H. I., Ella, E. E., Okubanjo, O. O.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
