Occurrence of Salmonella serovars implicated in Salmonellosis in North-western part of Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1722.022Keywords:
PCR, Salmonella Serovars, Salmonellosis, PrevalenceAbstract
Accurate diagnosis of clinical Salmonella enterica and differentiation into its serovars is important from a public health and epidemiological point of view. Standard cultural, biochemical and polymerase chain reaction techniques were employed to isolate and identify Salmonella enteric serovars implicated in salmonellosis. This study was carried out between June 2015 and May 2016 in some selected hospitals in North-Western Nigeria. Four hundred and twenty stool samples were collected from patients clinically diagnosed of pyrexia and/or gastroenteritis. Of the 420 samples collected, 27 were positive for Salmonella, given rise to an overall prevalence rate of 6.4%. One hundred and fifty two samples were collected from ≤1-5yrs age-group and 19 (12.5%) were positive for Salmonella species. Out of the 199 male patients recruited for this study, 16 (8.0%) had Salmonella infection while 11 (5.0%) of221female patients recruited had Salmonella infection. Sex of the patients has no significant association with the infection (p>0.05). Out of the 27 Salmonella isolated, six different serovars were encountered. S. typhi and S. enteritidis were the most frequently encountered; given rise to 25.9% prevalence rate each. The second most frequently encountered was S. typhimurium with 18.5% prevalence rate. The least encountered serovar was S. paratyphi B which had 3.7% prevalence rate. Out of the 27 Salmonella isolates, 17 (63%) were isolated from patients presenting with mix symptoms and S.Typhi was the most frequently encountered, given rise to 35.3%. Seven isolates (25.9%) of the 27 Salmonella were isolated from patients presenting with diarrheoa only and S. enteritidis (57.1%) was the most frequently encountered. However, frequency of occurrences of serovars has no significant association to the salmonellosis symptoms (p>0.05).The prevalence rate in elderly patients (≥60yrs) was also high, for out of the 18 samples collected from them, 5 (27.8%) were positive. The age-group with least prevalence rate was 16-40yrs; all samples collected from them were negative for Salmonella infection. Salmonella infection was significantly associated with the age groups with p<0.05.Out of the 16 cases of salmonellosis in male patients, 7 (43.8%) were typhoidal, while 9 (56.3%) were non- typhoidal. Among female patients, 11 salmonellosis cases were recorded, 5 (45.5%) were typhoidal and 6 (54.5%) were non-typhoidal. This result showed that there was reduced in Salmonella infection in part of North Western Nigeria. However, there is need to sustain good sanitary practices in order to curtail increase and reduced children’s exposure to the infection.
Downloads
References
Abdullahi, B., Abdulfatai, K., Wartu, J. R., Mzungu, I., Muhammad, H. I. D. and Abdulsalam, A. O. (2014). Antibiotics Susceptibility Patterns and Characterization of Clinical Salmonella Serotypes in Katsina State, Nigeria. African Journal of Microbiology Research.8(9): 915-921
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.2253
Akinyemi, K. O., Babajide, S. B. and Akintoye, O. C. (2007). Salmonella in Lagos, Nigeria: Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum-associated co-Reduced Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones. Health PopulNutr3: 351-358.
Akinyemi, K. O., Oshundare, Y. O., Oyeyinka, O. G. and Coker, A. O. (2012). A Retrospective Study of Community- Acquired Salmonella Infections in Patients attending Public Hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. J Infect Dev Ctries5(6): 387-395.
https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2120
Antoine, S. T., Annaelle, K. and Anne, B. (2008). Epidemiological Analysis of Salmonella enterica from Beef Sampled in the Slaughter House and Retailers in Dakar (Senegal) using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. J Food Microbiol.123:191-197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.01.007
Bennasar, A., Gloria de Luna, B., Cabrer, L., and Lalucat, J. (2000). Rapid identification of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidisand S. Virchow isolates by Polymerase Chain Reaction based fingerprinting methods. Internatl microbial. 3:31-38.
Bonkoungou, I. J., Haukka, K. and Osterblad, M. (2013). Bacterial and Viral Etiology of Childhood Diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC Pediatr. 13:36.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-13-36
CDC (Center of Disease Control and Prevention). (2010). Pulse Net. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/pulsenet/whatis.ht m#pfge
Fitzgerald, C., Sherwood, R., Gheesling, L. G., Brenner, F. W. and Fields, P. I.(2003). Molecular Analysis of the rfbO Antigen Gene Cluster of Salmonella enterica Serogroup O:6,14 and Development of a Serogroup-Specific PCR Assay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69: 6099-6105.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.10.6099-6105.2003
Galan, J. E., Ginocchio, C. and Costeas, P. (1992). Molecular and Functional Characterization of theSalmonella Invasion Gene invA: Homology of invA to Members of a New Protein Family. J. Bacteriol.174: 4338- 4349.
https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.174.13.4338-4349.1992
Gbonjubola, O. A., Nonyelum, O. O., Claire- Lorentz, E. O., Joseph, O. E. and Rebecca, O. B. (2009). Prevalence and Susceptibility of Salmonella Typhiand Salmonella Paratyphi in Zaria, Nigeria. Int J Health Res.2(4): 355-360
https://doi.org/10.4314/ijhr.v2i4.55436
Herrera-Leon, S., Ramiro, R., Arroyo, M., Diez, R., Usera, M. A. and Echeita, M. A.(2007). Blind Comparison of Traditional Serotyping with Three Multiplex PCRs for the Identification of Salmonella Serotypes. Research in Microbiology. 158: 122-127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2006.09.009
Isa, M. A., Kubo, I. I., Ismail, H. Y., Allamin, I.A. and Shettima, A. (2013): Prevalence of salmonella agglutinins among patients attending hospitals in biu, Borno State, Nigeria. Archives of Applied Science Research, 5 (1):83-87.
Kohinur, B., Tanvir, A. R., Margia H., Akil, H., Kabirul, H., Shaik, N. H., Nargis, A., Aliza, A. and Utpal, B. (2010). Isolation, identification and antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella spp. from chicken eggs, intestines and environmental samples. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal. 13:23-27.
Levy, H., Diallo, S., Tennant, S. M., Livio, S., Sow, S.O., Tapia, M., Fields, P. I., Mikoleit, M., Tamboura, B., Kotloff, K. L., Lagos, R., Nataro, J. P., Galen, J. E. and Levine, M. M. (2008). PCR Method To Identify Salmonella enteric Serovars Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Paratyphi B among Salmonella Isolates from the Blood of Patients with Clinical Enteric Fever. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46:1861-1866.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00109-08
Muibat, O. F., Akintoye, O., Coker, S. I., Smith, F. O. N, Muinah, A. F. and Kabiru, O. A. (2015). Molecular Typing of Salmonella Species Isolated from Stool Samples. J Life Sci. 7(1, 2): 1-5
https://doi.org/10.1080/09751270.2015.11885229
OIE (Office International des Epiczosties). (2010). Salmonellosis. OIE Terrestrial Manual. Available athttp://www.oie.int/eng/normes/ma nual/A-summary.htm
Paragrigorakis, M. J., Synodinos, P. N. and Yapijakis, C. (2007). Ancient Typhoid Epidemic Reveals Possible Ancestral Strains of Salmonella enteric SerovarTyphi. Infect Genet Evol. 7(1): 126-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2006.04.006
Popoff, M. Y. (2001). Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars 8th revision, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference Research on Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris.
Porwollik, S., Frye, J., Florea, L. D., Blackmer,F. and McClelland, M. (2003). A Non Redundant Microarray of Genes for Two Related Bacteria. Nucleic Acid Res. 31:1869-1876.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkg298
Rahn, K., De Grandis, S. A., Clarke, R. C., McEwen, G. J. E., Ginocchio, C., Curtiss III, R. and Gyles, C. L. (1992). Amplification of an invA Sequence of Salmonella Typhimurium by Polymerase Chain Reaction as a Specific Method of Detection of Salmonella. Mol. Cell. Probes, 6: 271-279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0890-8508(92)90002-F
Rayamajhi, N., Kang, S., Kang M. L., Lee, H. S., Park, K. Y. and Yoo, H. S. (2008). Assessment of antibiotic resistance phenotype and integrons in Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium isolated from swine. J Vet Med Sci. 70:1133- 1137.
https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.70.1133
Saba, C. K. S., Escudero, J. A., Herrera-Leon, S., Porrero, M. C., Suarez. M., Dominguez, L., Demuyakor, B. and Gonzalez-Zorn, B. (2013). First Identification of Salmonella Urbana and SalmonellaOuakam in Humans in Africa. J Infect Dev Ctries.7: 691-695
https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3548
Sambrook, J., Fritscgh, E. and Meniates, F. (1989). Molecular Colning: A Laboratory Manual. Vol. 1. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
Santos, R. L., Shuping, Z., Renee, M. T., Robert, A. K., Gary, A. and Adreas, J.B. (2001). AnimalModels od Salmonella Infections: Enteritis Versus Typhoid Fever. Microbes and Infection. 3: 1335- 1344.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01495-2
Threlfall, E. J. and Ward, L. R. (2001). Decreased Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enteritica Serotype Typhi, United Kingdom. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:448-50.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0703.017315
White, D. G., Zhao, S., Sudler, R., Ayers, S., Friedman, S. and Chen, S. (2001). The isolation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella from retail ground meats. New Engl J Med. 345:1147-1154.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010315
World Health Organization (2010). Biochemical Identification of Salmonella and Shigella Using an Abbreviated Panel of tests.
Wrigth, J. G., Tengelsen, L. A., Smith, K. E. J.B., Frank, R. K. and Gredon, J. H. (2005). Multi-drug resistance SalmonellaTyphimurium in Four Animal Facilities. Emery Infect Dis: 11: 1235-4
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1108.050111
Zailani, S. B., Aboderin, A. O. and Onipede, A.O. (2004). Effect of Socio-Economic Status,Age and Sex on Antibody Titre Profile to Salmonella Typhiin Ile- Ife, Nigeria. Nig J Med. 13(Pt 4): 383-387.
Zaki, S. A. and Karande, S. (2011). Multidrug- Resistant Typhoid Fever: A Review. J. Infect Dev Ctries. 5(5): 324-37.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
