Prevalence of Vaginitis among Women Attending Antenatal Care Centre of Wudil General Hospital, Kano State Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.003Keywords:
Candida albicans,, Trichomonas vaginalis,, Treponema pallidum,, Pregnant WomenAbstract
Vaginitis is usually caused by a change in the normal balance of vaginal microbes, an infection or reduced oestrogen levels after menopause leading to variety of infections by bacteria, fungi and viruses. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of vaginitis and its associated risk factors among women attending antenatal care center of Wudil general hospital, Kano Nigeria. A total of 352 High Vaginal Swab and serum samples were collected from women attending antenatal care centre of Wudil general hospital. The samples were processed and screened for the presence of Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis and Treponema pallidum through culture and microscopy and serum venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test. The risk factors were assessed using a designed questionnaire and analysed using Multivariate logistic modelling. The prevalence of C. albicans, T. vaginalis and Treponema pallidum were found to be 32.38%, 18.46 %, and 4.83%, respectively(p≤0.05). The result showed that the risk factors that are significantly associated with the prevalence of vaginitis were active sex age (26 – 30) years, educational status and number of participants husband’s wives. The study identifies that C. albicans is the major cause of vaginitis, and is insignificantly associated with active sex age educational status and number of participants husband’s wives.
Downloads
References
Abdulsadah, A. R., Russu, W. and Kadhim, H. S. (2014). Prospective study of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Sch. J. App. Med Sci. 2(1): 455-460.
Aboyeji, A. P. and Nwabuisi, C., J. (2003). Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria. Journal of Obstet Gynaecol. 2(3): 637-9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01443610310001604411
Adetunde, L. A., Glover, R. K. L. and Awo, O. (2011). The Investigation of Candida albicans infections among teenagers (between the ages of 13-19) reporting at the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH) with vaginal discharge problems. International Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Technology4: 47-51.
Ahmad, M. M., Yahaya, G., Shu'aibu, I., Abdullahi, I. (2016). Urinary tract infections among female patients attending Birnin Kudu General Hospital, Jigawa, Nigeria. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences2(1): 166-170.
Akinbiyi, A. A., Watson, R. and Feyi-Waboso, P. (2008). Prevalence of Candida albicans and bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women in South Yorkshire,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-008-0593-8
United Kingdom. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics27(8): 463- 464.
Akinbo, F. O., Mokobia, C. N. and Ande, A. B. (2017). Prevalence of trichomoniasis among pregnant women in Benin City. Sahel Med J 20: 67-71.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1118-8561.215037
Alli, J., Okonko, I., Odu, N., Kolade, A. and Nwanze, J. (2011). Detection and prevalence of Candida isolates among patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research1(3): 176-184.
Alo, M. N., Anyim, C., Onyebuchi, A. K., Okonkwo, E. C. (2012). Prevalence of asymptomatic Co-Infection of Candidiasis and Vaginal Trichomoniasis among Pregnant Women in Abakaliki, South-Eastern Nigeria.Journal of Natural Sciences Research2: 87-91.
Aniebue, U. U., Nwankwo, T. O. and Nwafor, M.
I. (2018). Vulvovaginal candidiasis in reproductive age women in Enugu Nigeria, clinical versus laboratory- assisted diagnosis. Niger J Clin 21(10): 17-22.
Anuradha, M.C. Joanna, K. and Praveena, M. (2015). Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Women of
Reproductive Age Group. Int. J. Microbiol. Sci 4(12): 42-49.
Bakare, R. A., Oni, A. A., Umar, U. S., Adewole, I. F., Shokunbi, W. A., and Fayemiwo, S. A. (2002). Pattern of sexually transmitted diseases among commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 3(1): 243-7.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v3i2.7332
Ballini, A., Cantore, S., Fatone, L., Montenegro, V., De Vito, D., Pettini, F., (2012). Transmission of nonviral sexually transmitted infections and oral sex. J Sex Med. 9(2):372-84.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02515.x
Bradshaw, C. S. Pirotta, M., De Guingand, D., Hocking, J. S., Morton, A. N., Garland, S. M., Fehler, G., Morrow, A. and Walker, S. (2012). "Efficacy of oral metronidazole with vaginal clindamycin or vaginal probiotic for bacterial vaginosis: randomised placebo-controlled double- blind trial". PLOS ONE. 7(4): e34540.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034540
Dada, A. J., Ajayi, A. O., Diamondstone, L., Quinn, T. C., Blattner, W. A. and Biggar,
R. J. (1998). A serosurvey of Haemophilus ducreyi, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus type 2 and their association with human immunodeficiency virus among female sex workers in Lagos, Nigeria. Sex Transm Dis. 25: 237 - 42.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199805000-00004
Dariane, C. P., Luana, T. H. B., Luciane, N. C. and Alexandre, M. F. (2012). A six year epidemiological survey of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in cytopathology reports in the state of Rio grandedosul, Brazil.Abr.41(2): 163-168.
https://doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v41i2.19324
Deorukhkar S., C. and Saini S. (2013). Vulvovaginal Candidiasis due to non albicans Candida: its species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile. Int.
J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 2(12): 323- 328.
Dharma, M. N. Vijaya, K. M., Umashankar, S., Abed Gulab, N., Kavitha, G. (2013). Prevalence of the Trichomonas Vaginalis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rural Bangalire, Southern India. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 7(7): 1401-1403.
Garba, D. J., Zabaze, S., Vem, S., Tabitha, G., James, G. and Makshwar, K. (2014). "Microbiological Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women in a Resource Limited Setting in North Central Nigeria," American Journal of Life Sciences 2(6): 356.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.15
Gill, A. R., Ravanfar, P., Mendoza, N., Tyring, S.
K. (2011). Sexual Behavior and Psychological Aspects Associated with Sexually Transmitted Infections. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually
Transmitted Diseases. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Pp. 35-42.
Ibrahim, S. M., Bukar, M., Galadima, G. B., Audu,
B. M. and Ibrahim, H. A. (2014). "Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women in Maiduguri, North- Eastern Nigeria," Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 17(2): 154-158.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-3077.127424
Ikeme, A. C. and Okeke, T. C. (2006). The relevance of VDRL as routine test in pregnant women: a critcal study. Niger J Clin Pract. 9:65-7.
Kissinger, P. and Adamski, A. (2013). "Trichomoniasis and HIV interactions: a review". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 89 (6): 426-33.
https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-051005
Levi, A. W., Harigopal, M., Hui, P., Schofield, K., Chhieng, D.C. (2011). Comparison of Affirm VPIII and Papanicolaou Tests in the Detection of Infectious Vaginitis. Am J Clin Pathol. 135(3):442-47.
https://doi.org/10.1309/AJCP7TBN5VZUGLZU
López-Monteon, A., Gómez-Figueroa, F. S., Ramos-Poceros, G., Guzmán-Gómez, D., Ramos-Ligonio, A. (2013). Codetection of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans by PCR in urine samples in a low- risk population attended in a clinic first level in Central Veracruz, Mexico. Biomed Res Int.:1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/281892
Mohanty, S., Xess, I., Hassan, F., Kapil, A., Mittal, S., and Tolosa, J. E. (2007). Prevalence and susceptibility to fluconazole of Candida species causing Vulvovaginitis. Indian J Med Res. 21: 216-219.
Novakowska, D., Kurnafiwska, A. B. Stray- Pederson, B. and Wilczynski, J. (2004). Prevalence of fungi in the vagina, rectum and oral cavity in pregnant diabetic women relation to gestational age and symptoms. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica.83(3): 251-256.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.0361.x
Saha, P. Mondal, T. and Mandal, A. K. (2018). Kundu P.K."Prevalence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Trichomoniasis among Women of Reproductive Age in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital in West Bengal, India."IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) 17(9): 45-50.
Taiwo, S. S., Adesiji, Y. O. and Adekanle, D. A. (2007). Screening for syphilis during pregnancy in Nigeria: a practice that must continue. Sex Transm Infect. 83: 357-8.
https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.023416
Uzoh, C. V., Iheukwumere, I. H., Umezurike, K. C., Onyewenjo, S. C. (2016). Prevalence of Candida albicans among Women Attending Federal Medical Centre Asaba, South-South, Nigeria. Advances in Life Science and Technology; 41: 54-57.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
