Incidence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Fomites in Critical Units of General Hospital Katsina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2492.002Keywords:
Nosocomial infections, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fomites, Antibacterial susceptibilityAbstract
Study’s Excerpt
- Investigation of the role of fomites in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens, specifically Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, within various units of General Hospital Katsina was carried out.
- The results reveal high contamination of fomites in the male ward, with significant bacterial colony counts, and the differing susceptibility profiles of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa to commonly used antibiotics.
- There is need for improved infection control and antibiotic stewardship in the region.
Full Abstract
Nosocomial infections, predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, continue to be a major public health challenge, especially in developing countries, due to their associated morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens from fomites in the Accident and Emergency (A&E) unit, male ward, and female ward of General Hospital Katsina and to evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A total of 90 swab samples were collected from frequently touched items such as beddings, door handles, floor surfaces, scissors, and forceps across the three locations. Standard microbiological techniques were utilized for the isolation and identification of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, followed by antibacterial susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method. Bacterial growth was observed in 58 (64.4%) samples, with S. aureus accounting for 32 (55.2%) and P. aeruginosa for 26 (44.8%) of the isolates. The male ward exhibited the highest contamination levels, with a mean colony count of 725.25 CFU/plate, significantly higher than the female ward (487.67 CFU/plate) and the A&E unit (48 CFU/plate), as confirmed by a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Chi-square analysis revealed no statistically significant association between bacterial species and hospital location (p = 0.823). The susceptibility testing showed that S. aureus isolates were generally susceptible to Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Pefloxacin but resistant to Amoxicillin. Conversely, P. aeruginosa displayed high resistance to Gentamycin and Septrin. Conclusively, these findings revealed the critical role of fomites in the transmission of pathogens and highlighted the need for enhanced infection control measures and targeted antibiotic stewardship programs to mitigate the risks associated with these infections.
Downloads
References
Adegoke Anthony, A., & Divine-Anthony, O. (2015). Bacterial Associated with the spoilage of Salad, their resistotyping and Potential Public Health Implications. International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER), 1.
Aminu, A. I., Abdullahi, S., & Usman, M. I. (2017). Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Hospital Instruments. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 2(1), 10-21. https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1721.003
Ben-David, A., & Davidson, C. E. (2014). Estimation method for serial dilution experiments. Journal of microbiological methods, 107, 214-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2014.08.023
Cheesbrough, M. (2018). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. IJMS, 1(1), 65-68. https://doi.org/10.32441/ijms.v1i1.47
Davoudi, A. R., Najafi, N., Hoseini Shirazi, M., & Ahangarkani, F. (2014). Frequency of bacterial agents isolated from patients with nosocomial infection in teaching hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 2012. Caspian journal of internal medicine, 5(4), 227–231.
Ekwealor, P. A., Ugwu, M. C., Ezeobi, I., Amalukwe, G., Ugwu, B. C., Okezie, U., … & Esimone, C. (2016). Antimicrobial evaluation of bacterial isolates from urine specimen of patients with complaints of urinary tract infections in Awka, Nigeria. International Journal of Microbiology, 2016(1), 9740273. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9740273
Falagas, M. E., Lourida, P., Poulikakos, P., Rafailidis, P. I., & Tansarli, G. S. (2014). Antibiotic treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: systematic evaluation of the available evidence. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 58(2), 654-663. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01222-13
Hodi, F. S., Lee, S., McDermott, D. F., Rao, U. N., Butterfield, L. H., Tarhini, A. A., ... & Kirkwood, J. M. (2014). Ipilimumab plus sargramostim vs ipilimumab alone for treatment of metastatic melanoma: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 312(17), 1744-1753. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.13943
Hudzicki, J. (2009). Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol. American society for microbiology, 15(1), 1-23.
Igbinosa, I. H., Beshiru, A., & Igbinosa, E. O. (2017). Antibiotic resistance profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from aquaculture and abattoir environments in urban communities. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 7(1), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.12980/apjtd.7.2017D6-327
Ilic, M., & Markovic-Denic, L. (2017). Repeated prevalence studies of nosocomial infections in one university hospital in Serbia. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 47(2), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1509-10
Iliyasu, G., Daiyab, F. M., Tiamiyu, A. B., Abubakar, S., Habib, Z. G., Sarki, A. M., & Habib, A. G. (2016). Nosocomial infections and resistance pattern of common bacterial isolates in an intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria: A 4-year review. Journal of critical care, 34, 116-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.04.018
Kanamori, H., Rutala, W. A., & Weber, D. J. (2017). The role of patient care items as a fomite in healthcare-associated outbreaks and infection prevention. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65(8), 1412-1419. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix462
Khan, H. A., Ahmad, A., & Mehboob, R. (2015). Nosocomial infections and their control strategies. Asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 5(7), 509-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.001
Khan, F., Khan, A., & Kazmi, S. U. (2014). Prevalence and susceptibility pattern of multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Karachi. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(5), 951-955. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.305.5212
Khan, H. A., Baig, F. K., & Mehboob, R. (2017). Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(5), 478-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019
Nwankwo, E. O., Mofolorunsho, C. K., & Akande, A. O. (2014). Aetiological agents of surgical site infection in a specialist hospital in Kano, north-western Nigeria. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 16(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v16i4.5
Odigie, A. B., Ekhiase, F. O., Orjiakor, P. I., & Omozuwa, S. (2017). The role of door handles in the spread of microorganisms of public health consequences in University of Benin Teaching hospital (UBTH), Benin city, Edo state. Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 2(2), 15-21.
Odumosu, B. T., Ajetunmobi, O., Dada-Adegbola, H., & Odutayo, I. (2016). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and analysis of plasmid profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from human, animal and plant sources. Springerplus, 5, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3073-9
Omololu-Aso, J., & Ukwuoma, P. C. (2017). Surface colonization of health care facilities in hematology by methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Nigeria. Arch Med, 9, 4. https://doi.org/10.21767/1989-5216.1000224
Otter, J. A., Donskey, C., Yezli, S., Douthwaite, S., Goldenberg, S., & Weber, D. J. (2016). Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination. Journal of hospital infection, 92(3), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.027
Park, G., Chhabra, P., & Vinjé, J. (2017). Swab sampling method for the detection of human norovirus on surfaces. Journal of Visualized Experiments, (120), 55205. https://doi.org/10.3791/55205
Pepper, I. L., & Gentry, T. J. (2015). Microorganisms found in the environment. In Environmental microbiology (pp. 9-36). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394626-3.00002-8
Stiller, A., Salm, F., Bischoff, P., & Gastmeier, P. (2016). Relationship between hospital ward design and healthcare-associated infection rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 5, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-016-0152-1
Weinstein, M. P. and Lewis, J. S. (2020) The clinical and laboratory standards institute subcommittee on Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Background, organization, functions, and processes Journal of Clinical Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01864-19
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Musa Sani Kaware, Nasir Aliyu Abdul, Bashir Abdulkadir, Danjuma, M., Abdullahi Samaila, Salisu, B., Hafsatu, G. B.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
